Echocardiogram Echocardiograms Anatomy and Physiology 5

Question 1

Which echocardiographic view best demonstrates the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonic valve?

Accepted Answer

Parasternal short axis at the aortic valve level

Answer

The parasternal short axis view at the level of the aortic valve displays the RVOT, pulmonic valve, and main pulmonary artery wrapping around the aorta.

Question 2

The thebesian veins drain directly into which cardiac chamber?

Accepted Answer

All four chambers

Answer

Thebesian veins (venae cordis minimae) are small cardiac venous channels that drain directly into all four cardiac chambers, though predominantly the right heart.

Question 3

An S4 heart sound is caused by which physiological event?

Accepted Answer

Atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle in late diastole

Answer

The S4 (atrial gallop) occurs when atrial contraction forces blood into a non-compliant or hypertrophied ventricle during late diastole.

Question 4

Which structure separates the right ventricular inflow tract from the outflow tract?

Accepted Answer

Crista supraventricularis

Answer

The crista supraventricularis (supraventricular crest) is the muscular ridge separating the RV inflow (sinus) from the outflow (infundibulum).

Question 5

In the normal cardiac cycle, atrial systole contributes approximately what percentage of ventricular filling?

Accepted Answer

20–30%

Answer

Atrial contraction normally contributes approximately 20–30% of total ventricular filling (the 'atrial kick'), which becomes more significant in diastolic dysfunction.

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Echocardiogram Echocardiograms Anatomy and Physiology 5