Pharmacology & Therapeutics Flashcards

Which class of antibiotics is most commonly used to treat diabetic foot infections?

Answer: Beta-lactams

Diabetic foot infections are frequently polymicrobial, involving a mix of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate) and cephalosporins, offer broad-spectrum coverage against many common pathogens. Their effectiveness and relatively favorable safety profile make them a cornerstone of treatment for these complex infections.

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Answer: Inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. These enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are key mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever. By blocking prostaglandin production, NSAIDs effectively reduce these symptoms.

Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?

Answer: Constipation

Constipation is a very common and often debilitating side effect of opioid analgesics. Opioids bind to receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, which slows down gut motility and increases water absorption. This leads to hardened stools and difficulty with bowel movements, frequently requiring proactive management strategies.

Which local anesthetic has the longest duration of action?

Answer: Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine is known for its significantly longer duration of action compared to other local anesthetics like lidocaine or mepivacaine. This extended effect is attributed to its higher lipid solubility and greater protein binding. These properties allow bupivacaine to remain at the nerve site for a prolonged period, providing sustained pain relief.

Which antifungal is commonly used for onychomycosis?

Answer: Terbinafine

Terbinafine is an oral antifungal medication highly effective against dermatophytes, the most common cause of onychomycosis (fungal nail infections). It works by inhibiting squalene epoxidase, an enzyme crucial for fungal ergosterol synthesis, leading to the accumulation of toxic squalene and fungal cell death. Its targeted action makes it a preferred treatment.

Which drug is a commonly used anticoagulant in patients with peripheral arterial disease?

Answer: Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication commonly prescribed to patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) to prevent thrombotic events. It works by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, thereby preventing platelet aggregation and subsequent clot formation. This action helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in PAD patients.

What is the main concern when prescribing fluoroquinolones in older adults?

Answer: Tendon rupture

Fluoroquinolones carry a significant black box warning due to an increased risk of tendon rupture, particularly the Achilles tendon, and tendinitis. This risk is heightened in older adults, those concurrently taking corticosteroids, and patients with kidney disease. Given this serious adverse effect, careful consideration is essential when prescribing these antibiotics to elderly patients.

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis during wound healing?

Answer: Vitamin C

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is absolutely essential for wound healing because it acts as a crucial cofactor for the enzymes involved in collagen synthesis. Collagen is the primary structural protein that forms new tissue and provides strength to the healing wound. Without adequate Vitamin C, collagen production is impaired, leading to delayed and compromised wound repair.

Which medication is best for acute gout attacks?

Answer: Colchicine

Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory agent specifically indicated for the acute treatment of gout attacks. It works by inhibiting microtubule polymerization, which disrupts neutrophil migration and activity, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to uric acid crystals. Unlike other options, it directly targets the acute inflammatory process of gout.