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Diabetes Pathophysiology & Types Flashcards

7 cards from real Diabetes practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Which HLA haplotypes confer the GREATEST genetic susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes?

    Answer: HLA-DR3/DR4-DQ8

    The HLA-DR3-DQ2 and HLA-DR4-DQ8 haplotypes, particularly in combination (DR3/DR4 heterozygosity), confer the highest genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes.

  2. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) develops primarily because:

    Answer: Placental hormones cause progressive insulin resistance that beta cells cannot compensate for

    Human placental lactogen, progesterone, cortisol, and other placental hormones progressively increase insulin resistance during pregnancy; GDM develops when beta cell compensation is insufficient.

  3. The Somogyi effect (rebound hyperglycemia) in diabetes is caused by:

    Answer: Counter-regulatory hormone release in response to nocturnal hypoglycemia

    The Somogyi effect occurs when nocturnal hypoglycemia triggers counter-regulatory hormone (glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol) release, causing rebound hyperglycemia by morning.

  4. Acanthosis nigricans in a patient with obesity and hyperglycemia is MOST directly caused by:

    Answer: Hyperinsulinemia stimulating insulin-like growth factor receptors in the skin

    Hyperinsulinemia stimulates IGF-1 receptors in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, causing skin hyperpigmentation and thickening characteristic of acanthosis nigricans.

  5. Ketone-prone Type 2 diabetes (also called Flatbush diabetes) is BEST characterized by:

    Answer: Episodic ketoacidosis with return to near-normal insulin secretion between episodes

    Flatbush diabetes presents with acute DKA episodes but patients can often discontinue insulin between episodes as beta cell function recovers, unlike classic Type 1 diabetes.

  6. Which environmental trigger has the STRONGEST epidemiological association with triggering Type 1 diabetes autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals?

    Answer: Enteroviral infections (particularly Coxsackievirus B)

    Enteroviral infections, especially Coxsackievirus B, have the strongest epidemiological and mechanistic evidence for triggering or accelerating islet autoimmunity in genetically predisposed individuals.

  7. In Type 2 diabetes, excess ectopic fat deposition in the liver causes insulin resistance by:

    Answer: Generating ceramides and diacylglycerol that impair insulin receptor substrate signaling

    Intrahepatic fat accumulation generates lipotoxic metabolites (diacylglycerol, ceramides) that activate protein kinases (PKC-ε) which serine-phosphorylate IRS-1, impairing insulin signal transduction.