Diabetes Test 4
A patient with type 2 diabetes who has been diagnosed by the nurse is being admitted. In an assessment, the nurse should anticipate the following symptoms, with the exception of:
Explanation:
With type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia does not happen unless the patient is receiving insulin therapy or taking another sort of diabetes medication. Insulin resistance is the term used to describe the reduced insulin response in T2DM. Since insulin is useless in this condition, the body produces more insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis at first, but over time, this diminishes, leading to T2DM.
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are all conditions your patient has. His memory takes him back to last night's meal, which included a low-fat turkey and cheese sandwich with mustard, a side salad with low-fat Italian dressing, pickles, a small portion of baked chips, and one can of club soda. Which of the patient's conditions is more at risk from his dietary choices, in your opinion?
Explanation:
Due to the high sodium level of the patient's meal, hypertension will be the condition that will be most negatively impacted. The low level of saturated fat helps to manage hyperlipidemia. The moderate intake of carbs combats type 2 diabetes (about 50 grams). The meal's modest total calorie count also addresses obesity.
All of the following are part of the clinical nursing examination for a patient with microangiopathy who has demonstrated reduced peripheral arterial circulation, with the exception of:
Explanation:
The absence of a pulse or a weak pulse in the legs or feet is one of the signs and symptoms of poor peripheral arterial circulation. It's important to keep in mind that anything that presses against the vessel can reduce peripheral pulses.
The HbA1C test for glycosylated hemoglobin gauges a person's average blood glucose control over the past three months. Which of the following readings constitutes a pre-diabetes diagnosis?
Explanation:
Pre-diabetes is characterized by glycosylated hemoglobin levels between 5.7 percent and 6.4 percent. A person's level of glucose management is assessed by the hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c, or A1c) test. The test provides a percentage representation of the blood sugar level averaged over the previous 90 days. Anyone whose HbA1c score is between 5.7 and 6.4 percent is categorized as prediabetic.
A clinical trait that separates a ketoacidosis reaction from a hypoglycemia reaction is:
Explanation:
A hypoglycemic reaction sets off the body's fight-or-flight response, which releases adrenaline and norepinephrine and causes diaphoresis. The autonomic nerve system (ANS), which controls automatic bodily functions including digestion and perspiration, can be affected by low blood sugar levels. The cholinergic system, which is a component of the ANS, controls the secretion of perspiration and other bodily fluids. Sweating may result from this system being activated.
How much of a type 1 diabetic's morning dose of insulin is anticipated to be administered preoperatively, according to the nurse?
Explanation:
Numerous metabolic disturbances brought on by surgical operations have the potential to change the normal glucose homeostasis. When fasting, people with type 1 diabetes mellitus should continue taking long-acting insulins like glargine as usual. The challenges are greater for patients using fixed-combination or premixed insulins. Before surgery, changing the patient's premixed insulin may not be practical or cost-effective. In these circumstances, the patient can take half to three-quarters of the morning dose, followed by the administration of an intravenous solution that contains dextrose and regular blood glucose readings.
A man nurse is giving his patient a snack before bed. This is based on the understanding that intermediate-acting insulins work over roughly the following time period:
Explanation:
Insulins with an intermediate half-life include Novolin N and Humulin N. They begin two to four hours later, peak between four and twelve hours later, and last between fourteen and eighteen hours. They persist longer because they are absorbed more gradually. They are moreover utilized to regulate blood sugar levels while fasting and in between meals.
Injecting insulin should only be done at rotation sites, which should be spaced apart by 2.5 cm (1 inch).
Explanation:
Every week or two, the sites where insulin injections are administered should be switched. Over time, repeatedly touching the same area might lead to fat cell breakdown or accumulation (lipodystrophy), which can lead to lumps under the skin and perhaps obstruct insulin absorption.
When a nurse went to a patient's room to perform routine vital sign monitoring, she discovered that the patient had not eaten his or her bedtime snack. This should prompt the nurse to look for and evaluate:
Explanation:
Consuming a snack before bed can reduce the Somogyi effect, in which blood glucose levels fall dramatically between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m., and prevent blood glucose levels from falling very low during the night. It has been suggested that patients with insulin-dependent diabetes experience the Somogyi phenomenon. These patients are advised to keep an eye on their blood sugar levels and alter their insulin dosage as needed to avoid hypo- or hyperglycemic episodes.
In the ER, a patient who has diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is receiving treatment. Which observation would a nurse anticipate making to support this diagnosis?
Explanation:
When a person has diabetic acidosis, their arterial pH is below 7.35, their plasma bicarbonate level is below 15 mEq/L, their blood glucose level is above 250 mg/dl, and ketones are found in both their blood and their urine. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and an increase in body ketone concentration are the hallmarks of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
NPH insulin is being taken by a client every morning. The client is informed by the nurse that the following situations increase the likelihood of a hypoglycemia reaction:
Explanation:
When insulin is at its most active, blood glucose levels are reduced. NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin with onsets between one and three hours after injection, peaks between four and twelve hours later, and has a half-life of between 12 and sixteen hours.