Diabetes Pathophysiology & Types Flashcards
7 cards from real Diabetes practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Diabetes Pathophysiology & Types flashcards as text
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes primarily through which mechanism?
Answer: Insulin resistance driven by androgen excess and adipose dysfunction
PCOS-associated insulin resistance, driven by androgen excess and central adiposity, impairs glucose uptake and increases Type 2 diabetes risk by 5- to 10-fold.
Which intracellular signaling pathway is PRIMARILY activated by insulin binding to its receptor?
Answer: PI3K-Akt pathway
Insulin binding activates the PI3K-Akt (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B) pathway, which mediates most of insulin's metabolic effects including GLUT4 translocation and glycogen synthesis.
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) differs from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes because it primarily involves:
Answer: Fibrosis and fatty replacement of the pancreas impairing insulin secretion
In CFRD, progressive pancreatic fibrosis and fat replacement caused by CFTR dysfunction leads to beta cell loss and impaired insulin secretion, with only mild insulin resistance.
A patient develops hyperglycemia while taking long-term corticosteroids. Which pathophysiological mechanism is MOST responsible?
Answer: Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and peripheral insulin resistance
Glucocorticoids increase hepatic glucose production and induce peripheral insulin resistance, particularly in skeletal muscle, leading to steroid-induced hyperglycemia.
Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD) is associated with diabetes mellitus due to:
Answer: Beta cell loss from endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Wolfram syndrome is caused by WFS1 gene mutations that impair endoplasmic reticulum function, causing beta cell death through ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Amylin (IAPP) co-secreted with insulin from beta cells contributes to glucose regulation by:
Answer: Slowing gastric emptying and suppressing postprandial glucagon
Amylin slows gastric emptying, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite, all of which limit postprandial glucose excursions.
In Type 1 diabetes, the 'honeymoon phase' occurs because:
Answer: Residual beta cells recover function temporarily due to reduced metabolic demand after insulin therapy begins
Insulin therapy reduces glucose toxicity and metabolic stress, allowing residual beta cells to temporarily recover function, reducing exogenous insulin requirements for weeks to months.