Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Flashcards

What is the mechanism of action of metformin, the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic in Dubai?

Answer: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

Metformin works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and enhancing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, without directly stimulating insulin secretion.

What are the key drug interactions that DHA pharmacists must screen for with warfarin?

Answer: NSAIDs (increased bleeding risk), antibiotics (altered INR), vitamin K-rich foods, and CYP enzyme inducers/inhibitors

Warfarin has numerous clinically significant interactions including NSAIDs (bleeding risk), antibiotics (INR alteration), vitamin K-containing foods, and drugs that induce or inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzymes.

What is the pharmacological difference between ACE inhibitors and ARBs in hypertension management?

Answer: ACE inhibitors block angiotensin-converting enzyme causing cough as a side effect, while ARBs block the AT1 receptor without causing cough

ACE inhibitors block the enzyme converting angiotensin I to II (causing bradykinin accumulation and cough), while ARBs selectively block angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor without affecting bradykinin, avoiding cough.

What monitoring parameters should DHA pharmacists recommend for patients on statin therapy?

Answer: Baseline and periodic liver function tests, lipid profile, creatine kinase if muscle symptoms occur, and blood glucose monitoring

Statin therapy monitoring includes baseline and periodic LFTs, lipid panels to assess efficacy, CK levels if patients report muscle pain (risk of rhabdomyolysis), and glucose monitoring as statins may increase diabetes risk.

What is the role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and what long-term risks should DHA pharmacists counsel about?

Answer: PPIs reduce gastric acid production; long-term risks include vitamin B12 deficiency, hypomagnesemia, increased fracture risk, and C. difficile infection

PPIs irreversibly inhibit the gastric proton pump to reduce acid secretion. DHA pharmacists should counsel on long-term risks including nutrient deficiencies, bone fracture risk, and infection susceptibility.

What is the first-line treatment approach for community-acquired pneumonia according to UAE clinical guidelines?

Answer: Amoxicillin or macrolide (azithromycin/clarithromycin) for mild cases, with respiratory fluoroquinolone or beta-lactam plus macrolide for moderate cases

UAE guidelines recommend amoxicillin or a macrolide for mild CAP, escalating to respiratory fluoroquinolones or beta-lactam/macrolide combinations for moderate cases, considering local resistance patterns.