Pharmacology Flashcards

What type of medication is ketamine?

Answer: Schedule II dissociative with amnesic and analgesic properties

Ketamine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance due to its potential for abuse, but it is widely used in medicine as a dissociative anesthetic. It induces a trance-like state, providing potent analgesia (pain relief) and amnesia (memory loss) without significant respiratory depression. Its unique properties make it valuable in various medical settings, including emergency medicine and anesthesia.

What type of medication is methohexital (Brevital)?

Answer: Barbiturate

Methohexital (Brevital) is classified as a short-acting barbiturate. It functions by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to rapid central nervous system depression. This action makes it highly effective for the quick induction of general anesthesia.

What are the common side effects of methohexital (Brevital)?

Answer: Apnea on induction, muscle twitching, hiccups, decrease in blood pressure, increase in heart rate, laryngospasm, bronchospasm

Methohexital is known for its rapid onset but can cause significant respiratory depression, leading to apnea upon induction. Other common side effects include involuntary muscle movements like twitching and hiccups, along with cardiovascular changes such as a decrease in blood pressure and a compensatory increase in heart rate. It can also irritate the airway, potentially causing laryngospasm or bronchospasm.

What type of medication is pentothal (Thiopental)?

Answer: Barbiturate

Thiopental (Pentothal) is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate, similar to methohexital. It exerts its anesthetic effects by potentiating GABA-A receptor activity in the central nervous system, which results in profound CNS depression. This makes it a powerful agent for the rapid induction of general anesthesia.

What type of medication is propofol?

Answer: Short-acting hypnotic with antiemetic properties

Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent categorized as a short-acting hypnotic. It induces rapid loss of consciousness and is also valued for its antiemetic properties, which help reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its quick metabolism ensures a fast recovery, making it suitable for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

What are the contraindications of ketamine?

Answer: Uncontrolled glaucoma, pregnancy, psychiatric issues, heart disease

Ketamine is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled glaucoma due to its potential to increase intraocular pressure. It should also be avoided in pregnancy, individuals with severe psychiatric issues as it can exacerbate symptoms, and those with significant heart disease because it can increase heart rate and blood pressure through its sympathomimetic effects.

What is Diazepam (Valium) used for in oral surgery?

Answer: Sedating the patient

Diazepam (Valium) is a benzodiazepine primarily utilized for its anxiolytic, sedative, and muscle relaxant properties. In oral surgery, it is administered to reduce patient anxiety and provide conscious sedation, making the patient more comfortable and cooperative during procedures. It helps to calm the patient without causing complete loss of consciousness.