Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

What change in polarization does the T wave represent?

Answer: Ventricular repolarization

On an electrocardiogram (ECG), the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. This is the electrical recovery phase where the ventricular muscle cells reset their electrical potential, preparing for the next heartbeat. It signifies the relaxation of the ventricles after contraction.

What change in polarization does the QRS complex represent?

Answer: Ventricular depolarization

The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the rapid depolarization of the right and left ventricles. This electrical event triggers the contraction of the ventricles, which is responsible for pumping blood out of the heart. It is the most prominent wave on the ECG and indicates the start of ventricular systole.

Which anatomical structure, located at the top of the larynx, closes the airway and prevents foreign bodies from entering the trachea?

Answer: Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located at the top of the larynx. Its primary function is to fold down and cover the glottis (the opening to the trachea) during swallowing. This action prevents food and liquids from entering the airway and lungs, thereby protecting against aspiration.

Blood is pumped to the lungs from the heart through which vessel?

Answer: Pulmonary artery

The pulmonary artery is the major blood vessel responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, this blood undergoes gas exchange, releasing carbon dioxide and picking up oxygen, before returning to the heart via the pulmonary veins. It is unique among arteries for carrying deoxygenated blood.

What are alveoli?

Answer: Small sacs located at the end of the respiratory tract where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged

Alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs located at the very end of the respiratory tract within the lungs. Their extremely thin walls and vast collective surface area are perfectly adapted for the efficient exchange of gases. Here, oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer: To cover the larynx and allow food to enter the esophagus

The epiglottis plays a crucial role in preventing aspiration during swallowing. When food or liquid is ingested, the epiglottis reflexively folds down over the opening of the larynx (voice box), effectively directing the bolus into the esophagus and preventing it from entering the trachea and lungs.

Which artery located in the neck is palpated to assess pulse?

Answer: Common carotid artery

The common carotid artery is a large artery located on either side of the neck. It is frequently palpated to assess a patient's pulse, especially in emergency situations or when peripheral pulses are difficult to find. This is because it carries a significant volume of blood directly from the heart to the head and brain, making its pulse strong and reliable.