Mixed Deck — All CWS Topics Flashcards
100 cards from real CWS practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 20 Mixed Deck — All CWS Topics flashcards as text
Which growth factor plays a primary role in stimulating angiogenesis during wound healing?
Answer: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
VEGF is the principal mediator of angiogenesis, promoting new blood vessel formation essential for granulation tissue development.
Why does using many SSIDs on a single AP negatively impact network performance?
Answer: Each SSID requires periodic beacons that consume airtime
Each SSID generates its own beacon frames at the beacon interval, consuming shared airtime and reducing capacity for data traffic.
A -70 dBm received signal level at a wireless client is generally considered to be:
Answer: Good signal, suitable for most applications
-70 dBm is generally considered a good received signal level, adequate for most WLAN applications though not as strong as -50 to -60 dBm.
A university is designing a WLAN for a large lecture hall that will host over 300 students, each using a laptop for online activities. Which organizational goal is the MOST critical to address in this high-density environment?
Answer: Capacity
In a high-density environment like a lecture hall, the primary goal is capacity. Capacity planning ensures the network can handle the large number of simultaneous connections and the aggregate throughput demands of many users and their applications. While coverage (signal presence) is necessary, it is secondary to ensuring the network has enough capacity to serve all connected devices effectively.
What is the recommended minimum overlap between adjacent access point coverage cells in an enterprise WLAN for seamless roaming?
Answer: 15-20%
A 15-20% cell overlap ensures that roaming clients maintain a usable signal from the new AP before completely losing signal from the old one, enabling seamless handoff.
U-APSD (Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery) is a QoS-aware power-save mechanism. How does a client trigger delivery of buffered frames from the AP?
Answer: By sending a QoS Data or QoS Null trigger frame to the AP
In U-APSD, the client sends a trigger frame (a QoS Data or QoS Null frame) to the AP, which then delivers buffered downlink frames for that AC immediately.
A patient's pressure injury presents as intact skin with non-blanchable erythema. This is classified as which stage?
Answer: Stage 1
Stage 1 pressure injuries are characterized by intact skin with localized non-blanchable erythema, typically over a bony prominence.
Which of the following is a method of pressure ulcer prevention?
Answer: Frequent toileting
Both frequent toileting and providing nutritional supplements are effective methods for pressure ulcer prevention. Frequent toileting reduces skin exposure to moisture from incontinence, a key risk factor for skin breakdown. Adequate caloric and protein intake through supplements helps maintain skin integrity and supports tissue repair, as malnutrition increases susceptibility to pressure ulcers.
In the Friis transmission equation, doubling the distance between transmitter and receiver causes received power to:
Answer: Decrease by 6 dB
Free-space path loss follows an inverse-square law, so doubling distance quadruples path loss, which is a 6 dB decrease in received power.
Which attack exploits the 802.11 four-way handshake by capturing it and then running offline dictionary attacks?
Answer: WPA2-PSK brute force via captured handshake
An attacker can capture the WPA2-PSK four-way handshake and perform offline dictionary or brute-force attacks without staying connected to the network.
What technology does 802.11ax use to allow simultaneous uplink transmissions from multiple clients?
Answer: UL MU-MIMO and OFDMA
802.11ax introduced uplink MU-MIMO and OFDMA, enabling the AP to schedule multiple clients to transmit simultaneously on different resource units.
What is the SNR of a signal received at -65 dBm with a noise floor of -95 dBm?
Answer: 30 dB
SNR = Signal level − Noise floor = −65 dBm − (−95 dBm) = 30 dB.
When a client uses OKC (Opportunistic Key Caching), what is being reused during a roam?
Answer: The PMK cached from a previous association to speed up re-authentication
OKC allows a client to reuse a cached PMK at a new AP without re-running full EAP authentication, reducing roam latency in WPA2-Enterprise networks.
Which debridement method is CONTRAINDICATED in a wound with exposed blood vessels or organs?
Answer: Mechanical wet-to-dry debridement
Wet-to-dry mechanical debridement is indiscriminate and can traumatize or disrupt exposed vessels or organs upon removal.
What is the primary goal of the TIME framework in wound bed preparation?
Answer: Addressing barriers to wound healing systematically
TIME (Tissue, Infection/Inflammation, Moisture, Edge) is a framework to identify and address wound healing barriers systematically.
What is the primary purpose of antenna diversity in wireless systems?
Answer: To mitigate multipath fading by selecting or combining signals from multiple antennas
Antenna diversity uses multiple antennas to combat multipath fading by selecting the best signal or combining signals.
How many non-overlapping 20 MHz channels are available in the 2.4 GHz band in the United States?
Answer: 3
In the US 2.4 GHz band, only channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping when using 20 MHz channel widths.
In an infrastructure mode Basic Service Set (BSS), how do two client stations exchange data frames with each other?
Answer: All frames are sent to the Access Point (AP), which then forwards them to the destination station.
In an infrastructure BSS, client stations do not communicate directly. All data frames are sent from the source station to the access point. The AP then processes the frame and forwards it to the destination station within the same BSS. This centralized communication model is a key characteristic of infrastructure mode.
A university wants to provide outdoor Wi-Fi across its campus quad. Which organizational WLAN goal is being addressed?
Answer: Outdoor coverage extension
Extending Wi-Fi coverage to outdoor areas is a specific coverage goal that requires weatherproof APs and different RF planning.
What does DSCP marking accomplish for wireless QoS in a unified wired/wireless network?
Answer: Maps IP-layer traffic priority to WMM Access Categories across the wired-wireless boundary
DSCP values in IP headers can be mapped to WMM ACs at the AP, allowing end-to-end QoS across wired and wireless segments.