CWS CWS Metallurgy & Material Properties

Question 1

Which alloying element in steel has the greatest effect on hardenability and is the primary contributor to the carbon equivalent (CE) formula?

Accepted Answer

Carbon

Answer

Manganese

Answer

Silicon

Answer

Chromium

Question 2

What microstructural transformation occurs in steel when it is heated above the upper critical temperature (Ac3) and then rapidly quenched?

Accepted Answer

Martensite formation

Answer

Pearlite formation

Answer

Ferrite formation

Answer

Austenite formation

Question 3

A CWS supervisor is welding ASTM A514 (T-1) high-strength steel. What is the primary welding concern with this material?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen-induced cold cracking

Answer

Hot cracking due to sulfur content

Answer

Sigma phase embrittlement

Answer

Liquation cracking in HAZ

Question 4

What does the term 'sensitization' refer to in austenitic stainless steel?

Accepted Answer

Chromium carbide precipitation at grain boundaries causing intergranular corrosion

Answer

Increased corrosion resistance after welding

Answer

Stress relief of weld residual stresses

Answer

Work hardening of the weld surface

Question 5

Which heat treatment process is used to refine grain size and relieve internal stresses in carbon steel after welding?

Accepted Answer

Normalizing

Answer

Solution annealing

Answer

Martempering

Answer

Austempering

Question 6

What is the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in a weld?

Accepted Answer

The base metal region that did not melt but had its microstructure altered by welding heat

Answer

The portion of the base metal that melted during welding

Answer

The weld metal deposited by the filler material

Answer

The zone protected by flux or shielding gas