Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder and intestines?

Answer: Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle is involuntary and lines the walls of hollow organs including the bladder, uterus, and digestive tract.

A telehealth patient describes pain radiating from the right flank to the groin. This symptom pattern is most consistent with pathology in which anatomical structure?

Answer: Ureter

Classic ureteral colic from a kidney stone follows the ureter's path from the flank down to the groin and genital region.

The process by which cells engulf and digest large particles such as bacteria is called:

Answer: Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles, including pathogens, into a phagosome for destruction.

Which nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the diaphragm and, when irritated, can cause referred shoulder pain?

Answer: Phrenic nerve

The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and shares cervical roots (C3-C5) with shoulder sensory fibers, causing referred pain there when irritated.

Normal adult resting respiratory rate is approximately:

Answer: 12–20 breaths/min

The normal adult resting respiratory rate is 12–20 breaths per minute; values outside this range indicate bradypnea or tachypnea.

Which gland, located at the base of the brain, is often called the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands?

Answer: Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland secretes hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, etc.) that regulate the thyroid, adrenals, gonads, and other endocrine organs.

During a remote physical therapy session, a patient has difficulty extending the forearm at the elbow. Which muscle group is most likely weak?

Answer: Triceps brachii

The triceps brachii is the primary muscle responsible for forearm extension at the elbow joint.