CPSS Foundations of Exercise Science 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which bone remodeling cell is responsible for bone resorption?
- Osteoblast
- Osteocyte
- Chondrocyte
- Osteoclast (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Osteoclast
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down bone matrix by secreting acids and proteolytic enzymes during remodeling.
Question 2: During high-intensity interval training, the primary reason for reduced power output in later intervals is:
- Complete depletion of plasma glucose
- Accumulation of inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ions impairing cross-bridge cycling (Correct answer)
- Decreased cardiac output due to reduced preload
- Increased parasympathetic tone inhibiting muscle activation
Correct answer: Accumulation of inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ions impairing cross-bridge cycling
Fatigue during HIIT is largely attributed to accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and H+ ions, which impair myosin ATPase activity and calcium release.
Question 3: The Wingate anaerobic test measures peak and mean power using which mode of exercise?
- Treadmill running at maximal speed
- Stationary cycle ergometer sprint against a fixed resistance (Correct answer)
- Vertical jump force plate analysis
- Isokinetic dynamometer at maximal velocity
Correct answer: Stationary cycle ergometer sprint against a fixed resistance
The Wingate test is a 30-second all-out cycle ergometer sprint with a standardized resistance (typically 7.5% body mass) used to assess anaerobic peak and mean power.
Question 4: Which of the following best describes Type IIa muscle fibers compared to Type IIx?
- Type IIa are faster, more powerful, and less fatigue resistant
- Type IIa have higher oxidative capacity and are more fatigue resistant (Correct answer)
- Type IIa have fewer mitochondria and lower aerobic enzyme activity
- Type IIa and IIx are functionally identical but differ in location
Correct answer: Type IIa have higher oxidative capacity and are more fatigue resistant
Type IIa fibers are fast-twitch but have moderate oxidative capacity, making them more fatigue-resistant than Type IIx (pure fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibers.
Question 5: An athlete's VO2max is best described as:
- The oxygen consumed at the lactate threshold
- The maximum rate at which the body can consume oxygen during incremental exercise (Correct answer)
- The oxygen stored in hemoglobin and myoglobin at rest
- The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen at peak exercise
Correct answer: The maximum rate at which the body can consume oxygen during incremental exercise
VO2max is the highest rate of oxygen uptake achievable during maximal aerobic exercise and represents the ceiling of the aerobic energy system.
Question 6: During the first 10 seconds of maximal sprint exercise, which energy system provides the majority of ATP?
- Anaerobic glycolysis
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Phosphocreatine (PCr) hydrolysis (Correct answer)
- Glycogenolysis with lactate production
Correct answer: Phosphocreatine (PCr) hydrolysis
The phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system provides rapid ATP resynthesis during the first 6–10 seconds of all-out effort before glycolysis becomes dominant.
Question 7: Which of the following hormones has a primary anabolic role in skeletal muscle following resistance training?
- Cortisol
- Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Correct answer)
- Glucagon
- Parathyroid hormone
Correct answer: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
IGF-1 stimulates satellite cell proliferation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, making it a key mediator of exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy.
CPSS Foundations of Exercise Science 4
Which bone remodeling cell is responsible for bone resorption?