CPACC CPACC 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: What is 'programmatic determination' in the context of WCAG?
- The ability to write code that detects accessibility issues automatically
- Information that is set through markup or data structures so assistive technologies can identify it (Correct answer)
- A method for calculating accessibility compliance scores
- The automated testing of web applications for WCAG violations
Correct answer: Information that is set through markup or data structures so assistive technologies can identify it
Programmatically determined means information conveyed in a way that assistive technologies can reliably interpret through markup, relationships, and data structures.
Programmatically determined is a key WCAG concept meaning information is encoded in a way that software can extract and present to the user. For example, a heading visually styled with large bold text is not programmatically determined unless it uses proper HTML heading tags.
Question 2: What percentage of global disabilities are estimated to be non-visible or hidden?
- About 10%
- About 25%
- About 50%
- About 70-80% (Correct answer)
Correct answer: About 70-80%
An estimated 70-80% of disabilities are non-visible, including chronic pain, mental health conditions, learning disabilities, and autoimmune disorders.
Research indicates that approximately 70-80% of disabilities are invisible, including chronic pain, mental health conditions, neurological conditions, learning disabilities, and autoimmune disorders. This challenges common assumptions about disability being primarily physical and visible.
Question 3: Which of the following describes the 'charity model' of disability?
- People with disabilities should receive public funding for independent living
- People with disabilities are objects of pity who need help from non-disabled people (Correct answer)
- Charitable organizations should be the primary providers of disability services
- People with disabilities can contribute to charity through volunteerism
Correct answer: People with disabilities are objects of pity who need help from non-disabled people
The charity model frames people with disabilities as victims deserving pity and dependent on the goodwill of others, rather than as rights-holders deserving equality.
The charity model portrays people with disabilities as victims needing care from benevolent non-disabled people. The disability rights movement counters this with the motto 'Nothing About Us Without Us,' emphasizing self-determination and equal rights rather than charity.
Question 4: What is an 'accessibility overlay' and what concern do disability advocates have about them?
- A transparent screen placed over a monitor to improve contrast, which is effective and recommended
- A software widget added to websites claiming to fix accessibility issues automatically, which often fails to provide genuine accessibility (Correct answer)
- A government program that provides accessible technology to citizens, which is underfunded
- A method of adding braille to printed materials, which is expensive to implement
Correct answer: A software widget added to websites claiming to fix accessibility issues automatically, which often fails to provide genuine accessibility
Accessibility overlays are JavaScript widgets that claim to make websites accessible automatically but are widely criticized for failing to address underlying code issues.
Accessibility overlays are third-party JavaScript plugins that add a toolbar to websites claiming to fix accessibility issues automatically. Disability advocates and professionals have raised serious concerns: overlays cannot fix fundamental structural issues, they often interfere with real assistive technologies, and they create a false sense of compliance.
Question 5: What is the difference between 'accessibility' and 'usability' in digital contexts?
- They are identical concepts with different names
- Accessibility ensures people with disabilities can use content, while usability measures how efficiently all users can complete tasks (Correct answer)
- Accessibility applies only to hardware, usability only to software
- Usability is a subset of accessibility with no independent meaning
Correct answer: Accessibility ensures people with disabilities can use content, while usability measures how efficiently all users can complete tasks
Accessibility focuses on removing barriers so people with disabilities can access content. Usability encompasses the broader efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction of all users.
Accessibility specifically addresses removing barriers for people with disabilities and is a fundamental right enshrined in legislation. Usability, as defined by ISO 9241, measures effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. Good accessibility often improves usability for all users.
Question 6: What role does 'color alone' play in WCAG compliance?
- Color is the only acceptable way to convey error states
- Information must never be conveyed through color alone - additional indicators are required (Correct answer)
- Color can be used freely as long as the palette includes at least 4 colors
- Color requirements only apply to images, not text
Correct answer: Information must never be conveyed through color alone - additional indicators are required
WCAG SC 1.4.1 (Use of Color, Level A) requires that color is not the only visual means of conveying information.
WCAG SC 1.4.1 prohibits using color as the only visual means of conveying information. This is critical because approximately 8% of men have some form of color vision deficiency. Acceptable solutions include adding text labels, patterns, icons, or underlines alongside color coding.
CPACC CPACC 2
What is 'programmatic determination' in the context of WCAG?