Counseling Human Development and Lifespan 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Erikson's stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' occurs during which developmental period?
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence (Correct answer)
- Early adulthood
Correct answer: Adolescence
Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage, Identity vs. Role Confusion, occurs during adolescence (ages 12–18) as individuals explore who they are.
Question 2: Piaget's Formal Operational stage begins at approximately what age?
- 2 years
- 7 years
- 11–12 years (Correct answer)
- 18 years
Correct answer: 11–12 years
Piaget's Formal Operational stage begins around age 11–12, when children develop the ability to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical situations.
Question 3: Kohlberg's highest level of moral development is called:
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional (Correct answer)
- Transcendental
Correct answer: Postconventional
Kohlberg's Postconventional level involves reasoning based on abstract principles of justice and universal ethical values, independent of societal laws.
Question 4: Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, emphasizes which of the following?
- The role of peers in socialization
- The importance of early caregiver bonds for emotional development (Correct answer)
- Genetic determinism in personality
- The Oedipal conflict resolution
Correct answer: The importance of early caregiver bonds for emotional development
Bowlby's attachment theory holds that the quality of early bonds with caregivers creates internal working models that shape future relationships and emotional regulation.
Question 5: Which of the following best describes 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's theory?
- Punishment used to shape behavior
- Support provided within a child's Zone of Proximal Development (Correct answer)
- Peer conflict resolution
- Cognitive schema formation
Correct answer: Support provided within a child's Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding involves providing temporary support that is gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence, operating within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
Question 6: According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the 'microsystem' refers to:
- Cultural values and beliefs
- Links between family and school
- The immediate settings in which a person lives (Correct answer)
- Temporal changes over a lifetime
Correct answer: The immediate settings in which a person lives
The microsystem is the innermost level in Bronfenbrenner's model, encompassing the direct environments a person interacts with, such as family, school, and peers.
Counseling Human Development and Lifespan 1
Erikson's stage of 'Identity vs.
Role Confusion' occurs during which developmental period?