Mixed Deck — All Construction Topics Flashcards

An existing structure's stability could be compromised by _______.

Answer: All of the options are correct

The stability of an existing structure can be severely compromised by various external factors. Nearby mining operations can cause ground settlement or subsidence, while tremors from traffic movements can induce vibrations and fatigue in the structure. Additionally, an increasing water table can reduce soil bearing capacity, cause uplift pressures, or lead to soil liquefaction, all of which threaten foundation and structural integrity.

What is the purpose of a 'legend' on a construction drawing?

Answer: To explain symbols, abbreviations, and line types used on the drawings

A legend (or symbol key) on a construction drawing identifies and explains all symbols, line types, abbreviations, and conventions used throughout the set.

Choose two of the following to represent the widely used geophysical approach in civil engineering:

Answer: The seismic method

The seismic method and electrical resistivity method are two prominent geophysical techniques widely employed in civil engineering. The seismic method utilizes the propagation of seismic waves to investigate subsurface layers and their properties, while the electrical resistivity method measures the electrical resistance of subsurface materials to identify different soil and rock types, groundwater levels, and geological structures. Both provide valuable insights into ground conditions without extensive excavation.

Which test is used to measure the compressive strength of hardened concrete cylinders?

Answer: Cylinder compression test (ASTM C39)

ASTM C39 is the standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, typically 4×8 or 6×12 inch cylinders tested at 28 days.

What is the purpose of rebar (reinforcing steel) in concrete?

Answer: To resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot handle

Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension; rebar is embedded to carry tensile forces and prevent cracking under loads.

The Auger boring technique is inappropriate for _______.

Answer: All of the options are correct

Auger boring is a soil exploration technique that uses a rotating helical screw to bring soil samples to the surface. While effective in many soil types, it is inappropriate for very soft soils where the borehole might collapse, extremely tough soils where the auger cannot penetrate effectively, or concrete soil as it is designed for natural soil, not hardened materials. In such conditions, other drilling methods are required.

_______ is a type of mortar that uses both cement and lime as binding agents.

Answer: Gauged mortar

Gauged mortar is a versatile type of mortar that combines both cement and lime as binding agents, along with sand and water. The inclusion of cement enhances the mortar's strength and accelerates its setting time, while lime improves its workability, plasticity, and water retention. This combination provides a balanced set of desirable properties for various masonry applications.

The best form of roof for plains with sparse rainfall and high temperatures is _______.

Answer: Flat roof

Flat roofs are generally considered the best form of roof for plains with sparse rainfall and high temperatures. Their design minimizes the surface area exposed to direct sunlight compared to steeply pitched roofs, which helps reduce heat gain. Additionally, in areas with minimal precipitation, the primary function of shedding large volumes of water is less critical, making flat roofs a practical and often more cost-effective choice.

What is the required lateral distance from an excavation for spoil pile placement per OSHA?

Answer: 2 feet

OSHA 29 CFR 1926.651 requires excavated material (spoil) to be placed at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation.

What is a 'submittals' package in construction?

Answer: Documents provided by contractors to confirm materials and methods meet specifications

Submittals are shop drawings, product data, and samples provided by contractors to the architect/engineer for review and approval before materials are procured or installed.

What is the standard voltage for most residential electrical service in the United States?

Answer: 120/240V single-phase

Standard US residential service is 120/240V single-phase, providing 120V for outlets and 240V for large appliances.

What is the minimum height at which fall protection is required for workers on construction sites under OSHA standards?

Answer: 6 feet

OSHA 29 CFR 1926.502 requires fall protection for construction workers at heights of 6 feet or more above a lower level.

Which view on a blueprint shows a building as seen from the outside at eye level?

Answer: Elevation view

Elevation views show the exterior or interior faces of a building from a horizontal vantage point, typically labeled North, South, East, and West.

When calculating square footage for a concrete slab, which formula is used?

Answer: Length × Width

Square footage is calculated by multiplying length by width (L × W), giving the area in square feet; volume requires multiplying by thickness.

What is the purpose of a slump test for concrete?

Answer: To measure the workability and consistency of fresh concrete

The slump test measures the workability (flowability) of fresh concrete by measuring how much a cone of concrete settles after the cone mold is removed.

For isolated foundations on clayey soils, the overall settlement should not exceed _______.

Answer: 65 mm

For isolated foundations built on clayey soils, the maximum permissible total settlement is generally limited to 65 mm. This standard is established to prevent excessive structural damage, tilting, or functional issues within the building caused by uneven or significant ground movement. Different soil types and foundation designs have specific settlement criteria.

What is the function of a 'king stud' in window and door framing?

Answer: A full-height stud on each side of an opening that runs from bottom plate to top plate

King studs run the full height of the wall alongside an opening, supporting the trimmer studs and transferring loads from the header to the plates.

What is the purpose of air entrainment in concrete mixes used in freeze-thaw climates?

Answer: To create microscopic air bubbles that relieve freeze-thaw pressure

Air-entrained concrete contains microscopic air bubbles that provide relief space for water expansion during freezing, preventing surface scaling and cracking.

What is required before work begins in a confined space on a construction site?

Answer: A permit and atmospheric testing

OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1203 requires a permit and atmospheric testing before entry into permit-required confined spaces on construction sites.

_______ is a protruding element that is typically used to support a truss.

Answer: Frieze

A frieze, in architectural and construction contexts, can refer to a horizontal band or element that often serves both decorative and structural purposes. While commonly known for ornamentation, a structural frieze board can be specifically designed and used to support the lower edge of a truss or roof structure, effectively transferring the roof loads to the supporting walls below.