Economic & Financial Analysis Flashcards

What is GDP a measure of?

Answer: Total economic output

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It serves as a comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity and health. A rising GDP generally indicates economic growth, while a declining GDP can signal a recession.

What does inflation represent?

Answer: Increase in prices

Inflation refers to the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. When inflation occurs, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services than it could before. It is an important economic factor that affects investment returns and consumer spending.

What is the function of monetary policy?

Answer: Control money supply

Monetary policy refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve in the U.S., to influence the availability and cost of money and credit in an economy. Its primary goals typically include promoting maximum employment, stable prices (controlling inflation), and moderate long-term interest rates. Tools include adjusting interest rates, quantitative easing, and reserve requirements.

What is fiscal policy?

Answer: Government spending and taxation

Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Governments can stimulate economic growth by increasing spending or cutting taxes, or cool down an overheating economy by decreasing spending or raising taxes. These decisions are made by legislative bodies and aim to achieve macroeconomic goals like full employment, price stability, and economic growth.

What is a key indicator of economic health?

Answer: Unemployment rate

The unemployment rate is a key economic indicator that measures the percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work. A low unemployment rate generally signals a healthy economy with strong job growth and consumer spending. Conversely, a high unemployment rate can indicate economic contraction or recession.

What does the balance of trade measure?

Answer: Exports minus imports

The balance of trade, also known as net exports, is the difference between a country's total value of exports and its total value of imports over a specific period. A trade surplus occurs when exports exceed imports, while a trade deficit occurs when imports exceed exports. It is a significant component of a country's current account and reflects its international competitiveness.

What is the purpose of a financial ratio analysis?

Answer: Assess financial health

Financial ratio analysis involves calculating and interpreting various ratios derived from a company's financial statements, such as the balance sheet and income statement. These ratios provide insights into a company's liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency. This analysis helps investors, creditors, and management assess the company's overall financial health and performance over time or against competitors.

What is liquidity in financial analysis?

Answer: Cash conversion ability

Liquidity in financial analysis refers to the ease and speed with which an asset can be converted into cash without significantly affecting its market price. It is a crucial measure of a company's short-term financial health and its ability to meet immediate obligations. High liquidity indicates a company has sufficient cash or easily convertible assets to cover its short-term liabilities.

What does the price-to-earnings ratio indicate?

Answer: Investor valuation metric

The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is a widely used valuation metric that compares a company's current share price to its earnings per share. It indicates how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of a company's earnings. A higher P/E ratio often suggests that investors expect higher future growth, while a lower P/E might indicate a company is undervalued or has lower growth prospects.