CET Hemodynamic Assessment & Measurements Flashcards

Using the simplified Bernoulli equation, what is the pressure gradient across a valve if the peak velocity is 4 m/s?

Answer: 64 mmHg

The simplified Bernoulli equation is ΔP = 4V², so ΔP = 4 × (4)² = 4 × 16 = 64 mmHg.

Which Doppler method is the standard for estimating pulmonary artery systolic pressure non-invasively?

Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity plus estimated right atrial pressure

PASP = 4(TRV)² + estimated RAP; the peak TR velocity is squared and multiplied by 4 (Bernoulli) and added to estimated right atrial pressure.

What does a stroke volume (SV) calculation using the LVOT method require?

Answer: LVOT diameter and LVOT velocity-time integral (VTI)

Stroke volume via LVOT = CSA × VTI, where CSA = π(D/2)² derived from the LVOT diameter, and VTI is traced from pulsed-wave Doppler at the LVOT.

Which tissue Doppler parameter is most commonly used to estimate left ventricular filling pressures non-invasively?

Answer: E/e' ratio (mitral E velocity divided by tissue Doppler e' velocity)

The E/e' ratio correlates with mean left atrial pressure; E/e' >14 using the average of septal and lateral e' suggests elevated LV filling pressures.

What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by echocardiography?

Answer: 52–72%

Normal LVEF is ≥52% in men and ≥54% in women per current ASE/EACVI guidelines, with 52–72% representing the normal range.

The continuity equation is used to calculate which cardiac measurement?

Answer: Aortic valve area (AVA)

The continuity equation (AVA = LVOT CSA × LVOT VTI / AV VTI) calculates aortic valve area based on conservation of flow across the LVOT and aortic valve.