1. B
CDCES professionals focus on diabetes self-management education and support, not prescribing medications.

2. C
ADA recommends <7.0% HbA1c for most non-pregnant adults.

3. B
The “15-15 rule” recommends 15g carbs to treat hypoglycemia.

4. B
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.

5. B
Basal insulin controls fasting and between-meal glucose.

6. B
Exercise improves insulin sensitivity more than dietary supplements or macronutrient shifts alone.

7. A
Problem-solving involves identifying problems, generating solutions, implementing, and evaluating outcomes.

8. B
Foot care and proper footwear prevent ulcers.

9. B
CGM provides real-time glucose trends and hypoglycemia alerts.

10. B
Lowering basal insulin can reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia.

11. B
ADA recommends <130/80 mmHg for most patients.

12. B
Dawn phenomenon is morning hyperglycemia due to growth hormone release.

13. B
Overweight individuals with risk factors require earlier screening.

14. B
Motivational interviewing uses reflective listening and open-ended questions.

15. A
Retinopathy is strongly linked to chronic hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes.

16. B
Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating hepatic glucose production.

17. B
High-risk women should be screened earlier.

18. C
Intensive therapy requires frequent checks before meals and bedtime.

19. B
Carbohydrate counting aligns insulin with intake.

20. B
Sulfonylureas carry the highest risk of hypoglycemia.

21. B
Multidisciplinary care addresses all aspects of diabetes.

22. A
Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL is diagnostic for diabetes.

23. A
Goals include normalizing glucose, BP, and lipid levels.

24. A
Rapid-acting insulins begin action within 5–15 minutes.

25. B
HHS presents with hyperglycemia, dehydration, and no ketones.

26. A
150 minutes/week of moderate aerobic activity is recommended.

27. B
Incretins increase insulin and suppress glucagon secretion.

28. A
Rotating injection sites prevents lipohypertrophy.

29. A
Reducing morning insulin helps prevent pre-lunch hypoglycemia.

30. A
Neuropathy presents with tingling or numbness in extremities.