CARS CARS Ethical Reasoning and Decision Making 2

Question 1

In a CARS passage, an author argues that a policy is just because it treats all individuals equally under the law. Which concept of justice does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

Formal justice, which requires consistent application of rules to all people

Answer

Formal justice holds that individuals in similar situations should be treated the same way by laws and institutions.

Question 2

A CARS passage describes a researcher who discovers her study results could be harmful if published. She decides to publish anyway, citing academic freedom. Which competing value is most in tension with her decision?

Accepted Answer

The duty to prevent foreseeable harm to others

Answer

The researcher's commitment to academic freedom conflicts with the ethical duty of non-maleficence—avoiding foreseeable harm to others.

Question 3

A CARS passage argues that informed consent is a cornerstone of medical ethics. What does informed consent require?

Accepted Answer

Patients must receive clear information about risks, benefits, and alternatives before agreeing to treatment

Answer

Informed consent requires that patients understand the nature, risks, benefits, and alternatives of a proposed treatment before voluntarily agreeing to it.

Question 4

A CARS passage presents an argument that moral relativism means no culture's ethical standards are superior to another's. What is a common critique of this position?

Accepted Answer

It makes it impossible to condemn widely recognized atrocities such as genocide

Answer

If all moral standards are culturally relative, then there is no basis for condemning practices like genocide, which is a significant logical and moral problem for moral relativism.

Question 5

In a CARS passage about corporate ethics, an executive argues that a company's only obligation is to maximize shareholder profit. Which ethical framework most directly challenges this view?

Accepted Answer

Stakeholder theory, which holds that companies have responsibilities to employees, customers, communities, and the environment

Answer

Stakeholder theory argues that corporations have ethical obligations beyond profit, including responsibilities to all groups affected by their operations.

(CARS) Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Practice Test

(CARS) Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Practice Test

CARS CARS Ethical Reasoning and Decision Making 2