CARS CARS Ethical and Philosophical Reasoning 1

Question 1

A CARS passage argues that an action is morally wrong solely because it violates a long-standing social norm. Which philosophical criticism most directly challenges this reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The argument commits the appeal to tradition fallacy by equating age with moral correctness

Answer

Equating a practice's historical longevity with its moral validity commits the appeal to tradition fallacy, since old norms can still be wrong.

Question 2

An author claims that a policy is ethical because it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. Which ethical framework is this reasoning most consistent with?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarian ethics

Answer

Maximizing aggregate benefit for the largest number is the defining principle of utilitarian ethics.

Question 3

In a CARS passage on medical ethics, an author argues that a patient's informed consent must always be respected regardless of potential harm to the patient. Which ethical principle does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Prioritizing a patient's right to make informed decisions about their own care, even over their welfare, reflects the principle of autonomy.

Question 4

A passage argues that moral obligations arise from rational universal laws rather than consequences. This reasoning is most closely associated with which philosopher?

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Kant

Answer

Kant's deontological ethics holds that moral obligations arise from universal rational laws (the categorical imperative), not from the consequences of actions.

Question 5

An author argues that an action was unethical because it was performed with a self-serving motive, even though it produced good outcomes. Which ethical dimension is the author prioritizing?

Accepted Answer

The character and intent of the agent

Answer

Judging actions based on the agent's intent and character is a feature of virtue ethics and deontological approaches that separate motive from outcome.

(CARS) Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Practice Test

(CARS) Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Practice Test

CARS CARS Ethical and Philosophical Reasoning 1