CARN Neurobiology of Addiction 5

Question 1

Stress-induced relapse is neurobiologically mediated primarily through which system projecting to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)?

Accepted Answer

CRF and noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus and amygdala

Answer

Stress-induced relapse involves CRF and noradrenergic (from locus coeruleus) inputs to the BNST and extended amygdala, activating anxiety and drug-seeking circuits.

Question 2

The 'dark side of addiction' described by Koob refers to:

Accepted Answer

The negative emotional state driving drug use for relief rather than pleasure

Answer

Koob's 'dark side' describes the shift from positive reinforcement (seeking pleasure) to negative reinforcement (seeking relief from dysphoria, anxiety, and pain) as addiction progresses.

Question 3

Which receptor type mediates alcohol's positive reinforcing effects through the mesolimbic dopamine system?

Accepted Answer

Multiple systems including mu-opioid, GABA-A, and dopamine receptors acting in concert

Answer

Alcohol's rewarding effects involve multiple receptor systems: mu-opioid receptors trigger dopamine release, GABA-A activation produces anxiolysis and euphoria, and NMDA blockade contributes to its reinforcing profile.

Question 4

Nicotine's addictive properties are primarily mediated through its action on:

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on VTA dopamine neurons

Answer

Nicotine directly activates alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on VTA dopamine neurons, stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and producing reinforcement.

Question 5

Genetic heritability estimates for substance use disorders generally range from:

Accepted Answer

40-60%, indicating substantial but not deterministic genetic contribution

Answer

Twin and family studies consistently estimate heritability of substance use disorders at 40-60%, indicating genes significantly influence vulnerability while environment also plays a major role.

(CARN) Certified Addictions Registered Nurse Practice Test

(CARN) Certified Addictions Registered Nurse Practice Test

CARN Neurobiology of Addiction 5