BMST - Basic Math and Science Cellular Processes and Organelles Questions and Answers 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?
- Mitochondria (Correct answer)
- Chloroplast
- Ribosome
- Golgi apparatus
Correct answer: Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP.
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration. This process involves glycolysis (in the cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (both in the mitochondria). A single cell can contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondria depending on its energy needs.
Question 2: What is the function of ribosomes?
- Protein synthesis (Correct answer)
- Energy production
- Cell division
- Waste removal
Correct answer: Protein synthesis
Ribosomes read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis (translation). They read the genetic code from messenger RNA (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. Ribosomes can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They consist of two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Question 3: Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
- S phase (Correct answer)
- G1 phase
- M phase
- G2 phase
Correct answer: S phase
The S (synthesis) phase is when DNA is replicated in preparation for cell division.
The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (M). During the S phase (synthesis phase), the cell replicates all of its DNA so each daughter cell will receive a complete copy. G1 is a growth phase before DNA synthesis, G2 is a growth phase after synthesis, and M phase is actual cell division.
Question 4: What structure controls what enters and exits the cell?
- Cell membrane (Correct answer)
- Cell wall
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
Correct answer: Cell membrane
The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is selectively permeable, regulating transport in and out of the cell.
The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that controls what substances enter and leave the cell. It uses passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) and active transport (requiring ATP) to regulate the movement of molecules. Embedded proteins serve as channels, pumps, and receptors.
Question 5: What is osmosis?
- Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration (Correct answer)
- Movement of solute across a membrane
- Active transport of glucose
- Breakdown of ATP molecules
Correct answer: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration
Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water from areas of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to an area of higher solute concentration (hypertonic). This process does not require energy. It continues until equilibrium is reached or until opposing pressure prevents further movement. Osmosis is essential for maintaining cell turgor pressure in plants.
Question 6: Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and shipping proteins?
- Golgi apparatus (Correct answer)
- Lysosome
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Vacuole
Correct answer: Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER, processes them, and ships them to their destinations.
The Golgi apparatus (Golgi body) is a stack of flattened membrane sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport. Proteins arrive from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in transport vesicles, are processed through the Golgi stacks (cis to trans face), and are then packaged into vesicles for delivery to their final destinations within or outside the cell.
BMST - Basic Math and Science Cellular Processes and Organelles Questions and Answers 2
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?