BCSE Preventive Medicine and Public Health 5

Question 1

Which environmental toxin is classically associated with Itai-Itai disease in Japan?

Accepted Answer

Cadmium

Answer

Itai-Itai disease was caused by cadmium contamination of rice paddies from mining runoff, causing painful osteomalacia and renal tubular damage.

Question 2

In health services research, 'effectiveness' differs from 'efficacy' in that effectiveness measures:

Accepted Answer

Outcomes under real-world conditions

Answer

Effectiveness measures how well an intervention works under real-world conditions, while efficacy measures performance under ideal trial conditions.

Question 3

The 'inverse care law' proposed by Julian Tudor Hart states that:

Accepted Answer

The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it

Answer

The inverse care law describes how populations with greatest health needs often receive the least adequate medical care, particularly in market-driven systems.

Question 4

Which measure of central tendency is least affected by extreme outliers?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

The median is the middle value of a distribution and is resistant to the influence of extreme values (outliers) unlike the mean.

Question 5

The DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) combines:

Accepted Answer

Years of life lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability

Answer

One DALY = one lost year of healthy life, combining years of life lost (YLL) from premature death and years lived with disability (YLD).

BCSE - Basic and Clinical Sciences Examination Practice Test

BCSE - Basic and Clinical Sciences Examination Practice Test

BCSE Preventive Medicine and Public Health 5