Preventive Medicine and Public Health Flashcards

Which measure best describes the probability that a person with a positive screening test truly has the disease?

Answer: Positive predictive value

Positive predictive value (PPV) is the proportion of true positives among all positive test results.

The epidemiological transition refers to:

Answer: A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as leading causes of death

The epidemiological transition describes the historical shift from infectious/parasitic diseases to non-communicable chronic diseases as populations develop.

A study finds a relative risk of 0.4 for coronary heart disease among regular exercisers versus sedentary individuals. The attributable risk percent in the exposed group is:

Answer: 60%

Attributable risk percent = (RR - 1) / RR × 100 = (0.4 - 1) / 0.4 × 100; since RR < 1, it represents a 60% reduction in risk.

Which level of prevention does administering HPV vaccine to adolescents represent?

Answer: Primary prevention

HPV vaccination prevents initial infection and subsequent cancer, making it primary prevention by reducing disease incidence.

The 'sick building syndrome' is most commonly attributed to:

Answer: Poor indoor air quality and inadequate ventilation

Sick building syndrome symptoms are linked to time spent in a building with poor ventilation, chemical off-gassing, and biological contaminants.

Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing means across three or more independent groups?

Answer: One-way ANOVA

One-way ANOVA tests whether there are statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups.

Herd immunity threshold is best calculated as:

Answer: 1 - (1/R0)

The herd immunity threshold = 1 - (1/R0), where R0 is the basic reproduction number.