Pharmacology and Toxicology Flashcards

A 55-year-old male presents to the emergency department with altered mental status, visual disturbances, and severe metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap. History from a family member suggests he may have ingested windshield wiper fluid. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial antidote?

Answer: Fomepizole

The patient's symptoms are classic for methanol poisoning, a primary component of windshield wiper fluid. Methanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to toxic metabolites like formic acid, which causes metabolic acidosis and optic nerve damage. Fomepizole is a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase and is the preferred antidote to prevent the formation of these toxic metabolites. While sodium bicarbonate may be used to correct acidosis, it is not the primary antidote. Naloxone is for opioid overdose, and acetylcysteine is for acetaminophen toxicity.

A patient being treated for heart failure with furosemide, a loop diuretic, is at an increased risk for which of the following electrolyte imbalances?

Answer: Hypokalemia

Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. They inhibit the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, leading to increased excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium. The most significant and common electrolyte disturbance is the loss of potassium, leading to hypokalemia.

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of toxicity for organophosphate insecticides?

Answer: Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

Organophosphates exert their toxic effects by phosphorylating and thereby irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Inhibition of AChE leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve synapses, causing overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and resulting in the classic signs of organophosphate poisoning (e.g., salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation).

A drug that has a high first-pass metabolism is administered orally. What is the most likely consequence of this characteristic?

Answer: The concentration of the drug in systemic circulation will be significantly reduced.

The first-pass effect, or first-pass metabolism, refers to the metabolism of a drug as it passes through the liver and gut wall after oral administration, before it reaches the systemic circulation. A drug with a high first-pass metabolism will be extensively metabolized, leading to a significant reduction in the concentration of the active drug that reaches the rest of the body. This results in low oral bioavailability.

A patient is taking warfarin, which is metabolized by CYP2C9. If the patient is started on amiodarone, a known inhibitor of CYP2C9, what is the likely clinical effect?

Answer: Increased warfarin levels, increasing the risk of bleeding.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are crucial for drug metabolism. Amiodarone is an inhibitor of the CYP2C9 enzyme. Warfarin is a substrate for (metabolized by) CYP2C9. When an inhibitor like amiodarone is introduced, it slows down the metabolism of warfarin. This leads to higher-than-expected plasma concentrations of warfarin, which increases its anticoagulant effect and puts the patient at a higher risk for bleeding.

In the context of pharmacodynamics, how does a non-competitive antagonist affect the agonist dose-response curve?

Answer: Reduces the maximal response (Emax) without changing the EC50.

A non-competitive antagonist binds to a site on the receptor other than the agonist binding site (an allosteric site) or binds irreversibly to the active site. This action reduces the total number of receptors available to the agonist, thereby decreasing the maximal possible effect (Emax) that can be achieved, regardless of the agonist concentration. Because the antagonist does not compete for the same binding site, it does not change the agonist concentration required to achieve 50% of the *new* maximal response, so the EC50 is unchanged.