BC ADM Diabetes Pathophysiology 2

Question 1

Which mechanism best explains the progressive beta-cell decline seen in type 2 diabetes over time?

Accepted Answer

Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity causing oxidative stress and apoptosis

Answer

Chronic hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) and elevated free fatty acids (lipotoxicity) generate reactive oxygen species that drive beta-cell apoptosis and functional decline.

Question 2

In type 1 diabetes, which HLA haplotypes confer the highest genetic risk?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR3/DR4 and DQ2/DQ8 alleles

Answer

HLA-DR3/DR4 and DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes account for the majority of genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes by influencing autoreactive T-cell responses.

Question 3

What is the primary defect in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2)?

Accepted Answer

Loss-of-function mutations in the glucokinase gene

Answer

MODY2 results from heterozygous glucokinase mutations that raise the glucose threshold for insulin secretion, causing mild stable fasting hyperglycemia.

Question 4

How does insulin resistance in skeletal muscle contribute to postprandial hyperglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Impaired GLUT4 translocation reduces glucose uptake in the largest glucose-disposal organ

Answer

Skeletal muscle accounts for ~80% of postprandial glucose disposal; defective insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation here is a major driver of postprandial hyperglycemia.

Question 5

Which phenomenon describes the worsening of fasting hyperglycemia due to early-morning rises in cortisol and growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

Dawn phenomenon

Answer

The dawn phenomenon is caused by pre-dawn surges in cortisol and growth hormone that increase hepatic glucose output and reduce peripheral insulin sensitivity.

(BC ADM) Advanced Diabetes Management Certification Practice Test

(BC ADM) Advanced Diabetes Management Certification Practice Test

BC ADM Diabetes Pathophysiology 2