AP Practice Test: Video 7 Answers (25 Questions) Flashcards

In poetry analysis, what does 'enjambment' refer to?

Answer: The continuation of a sentence beyond the end of a line

Enjambment is when a phrase or sentence runs over from one line to the next without a terminal pause.

A phrase like 'passed away' used in place of 'died' is an example of:

Answer: Euphemism

A euphemism substitutes a milder expression for one considered harsh or blunt.

Which term describes the use of a tangible object to represent an intangible idea?

Answer: Symbolism

Symbolism uses concrete objects to stand for abstract concepts.

A speaker addresses an absent person or abstract idea directly. This device is called:

Answer: Apostrophe

Apostrophe is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or to an abstraction.

The deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or effect is called:

Answer: Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an overstatement used for emphasis, not meant to be taken literally.

The United States Constitution delegated authority to determine who is eligible to vote to the

Answer: Individual states

The U.S. Constitution initially delegated the authority to determine voter eligibility to individual states. While subsequent amendments (like the 15th, 19th, and 26th) expanded suffrage by prohibiting states from denying the right to vote based on race, sex, or age (18 and older), the states still retain significant control over voter registration, election administration, and other aspects of voting laws. This reflects the federalist structure of American governance.

Which of the following is the vice president's sole explicitly specified constitutional duty?

Answer: Presiding over the senate

Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution explicitly states that the Vice President 'shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.' This means the Vice President's primary constitutional role is to preside over Senate proceedings and cast a tie-breaking vote when necessary. All other duties are either delegated by the President or have evolved over time.

A grant that provides federal funds for a specific purpose with strict guidelines is known as a:

Answer: Categorical grant

Categorical grants fund specific programs with detailed federal requirements.

Which of the following topics dominated discussions between Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

Answer: The central government's scope of power

The primary debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification of the Constitution centered on the appropriate scope and strength of the central government. Federalists advocated for a strong national government to ensure stability and effective governance, while Anti-Federalists feared such a government would become tyrannical and infringe upon individual liberties and states' rights. This fundamental disagreement shaped the early American political landscape.

A linkage institution that connects citizens to government by aggregating public opinion and informing voters is best exemplified by:

Answer: The mass media

Mass media is a linkage institution that informs and connects citizens to government.

The booming 1990s economy was driven significantly by growth in which sector?

Answer: Information technology and the internet

The 1990s saw rapid growth in the technology sector and the rise of the internet, fueling the 'dot-com' boom.

The USA PATRIOT Act, passed after 9/11, primarily expanded what?

Answer: Government surveillance and law enforcement powers

The PATRIOT Act broadened surveillance and law enforcement authority to combat terrorism.

Bill Clinton was impeached by the House in 1998 primarily on charges of what?

Answer: Perjury and obstruction of justice

Clinton was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice stemming from the Lewinsky scandal.

The 2015 Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges established what nationwide right?

Answer: The right of same-sex couples to marry

Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.

The disputed 2000 presidential election between Bush and Gore was ultimately decided by what?

Answer: The Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore

The Supreme Court's Bush v. Gore decision halted the Florida recount, effectively giving Bush the presidency.

What is cognitive learning?

Answer: Learning through mental processes such as memory

Cognitive learning emphasizes the role of internal mental processes, such as thinking, memory, problem-solving, and perception, in acquiring knowledge and skills. Unlike behavioral theories that focus solely on observable actions, cognitive learning theories explore how individuals process information, form concepts, and make decisions. It involves learning through mental processes such as memory and reasoning.

What is the role of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Answer: It strengthens the behavior by providing rewards

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus (a reward) after a behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus. Both types of reinforcement serve to strengthen the preceding behavior, making it more probable in the future by providing rewards.

What is observational learning?

Answer: Learning by observing and imitating others

Observational learning, also known as social learning theory, describes the process of acquiring new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others. Pioneered by Albert Bandura, this type of learning involves four key processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. It highlights the importance of models in our environment for learning a wide range of behaviors by observing and imitating others.

What is operant conditioning?

Answer: Learning through punishment and reinforcement

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Developed by B.F. Skinner, this theory emphasizes that voluntary behaviors are learned through their consequences. Individuals learn to associate their actions with specific outcomes, leading to an increase or decrease in the likelihood of those actions recurring.

What is the concept of cognitive dissonance?

Answer: A state of confusion and conflict in thoughts

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological discomfort experienced when an individual holds two or more conflicting beliefs, ideas, values, or emotions, or when their behavior contradicts their beliefs. This mental tension motivates individuals to reduce the dissonance, often by changing their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. It represents a state of confusion and conflict in thoughts arising from inconsistent cognitions.