Mixed Deck — All AP EURO Topics Flashcards

The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848–1849 failed to unify Germany in part because

Answer: Frederick William IV of Prussia refused the imperial crown offered by an assembly of elected representatives

Frederick William IV rejected the crown offered in 1849, saying he would not accept a crown from the people rather than from the princes. Without Prussian support, the assembly collapsed.

The Ems Dispatch incident of 1870, edited by Otto von Bismarck, was significant because it

Answer: provoked France into declaring war on Prussia, helping bring the southern German states into a unified German Empire

Bismarck released an edited version of a telegram about talks between King William I and the French ambassador, which angered the French public. France declared war, and the resulting nationalist enthusiasm brought the southern German states into the Prussian-led union.

The 1975 Helsinki Final Act is notable in Cold War history because it

Answer: recognized existing European borders while also including human-rights commitments that dissidents later invoked

The Soviet bloc gained recognition of postwar frontiers, while the human-rights provisions gave dissident movements such as Charter 77 and Solidarity a basis for their claims. It was signed by 35 states, including the U.S., Canada and the USSR.

The Truman Doctrine of 1947 was first applied through U.S. aid to which pair of countries?

Answer: Greece and Turkey

Truman asked Congress for aid for Greece, where a communist insurgency was fighting the government, and for Turkey, which faced Soviet pressure. The doctrine pledged support for free peoples resisting subjugation.

The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, issued under the influence of Klemens von Metternich, were primarily intended to do which of the following?

Answer: Suppress liberal and nationalist agitation by censoring the press and monitoring universities

The decrees, adopted in the German Confederation, imposed press censorship and supervision of universities and banned radical student societies (Burschenschaften). They were a conservative response to liberal and nationalist activism.

Which statement best describes the Napoleonic Code (1804)?

Answer: It established legal equality for male citizens and protected private property, while limiting the rights of women

The Code preserved Revolutionary gains such as equality before the law and secure property rights, but placed wives under the legal authority of their husbands.

Which of the following was a major response of the Council of Trent (1545–1563) to the Protestant Reformation?

Answer: It reaffirmed Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation and the authority of both scripture and church tradition

Trent reaffirmed core Catholic teachings, including transubstantiation, the seven sacraments, and the authority of scripture together with tradition. It rejected the Protestant doctrine of faith alone.

In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that:

Answer: history had been driven by class struggle, and that the proletariat would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie

Marx and Engels viewed history as a series of class conflicts and predicted that industrial workers would overthrow the capitalist bourgeoisie. The proletariat would then establish a classless society.

Peter the Great's creation of the Table of Ranks (1722) is best understood as an effort to

Answer: tie noble status and advancement to service to the state rather than to birth alone

The Table of Ranks organized military and civil positions into a hierarchy in which promotion depended on service. This bound the nobility to the state and increased the tsar's control.

The Dawes Plan of 1924 attempted to stabilize the European economy mainly by

Answer: restructuring German reparations payments and arranging American loans to Germany

The plan scaled German payments to its capacity to pay and brought in U.S. loans, helping end the hyperinflation crisis and the Ruhr occupation. It created a cycle of American money flowing to Germany, reparations to Britain and France, and war-debt payments to the U.S.

The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are best understood as significant because they

Answer: had Germany voluntarily accept its western borders with France and Belgium

At Locarno, Germany agreed to respect its western frontiers and the demilitarized Rhineland, with Britain and Italy as guarantors. It signaled reconciliation, often called the "spirit of Locarno."

Which of the following best summarizes the central argument of Abbé Sieyès's pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" (1789)?

Answer: The Third Estate was the productive body of the nation and therefore deserved political power matching its importance

Sieyès argued that the Third Estate was everything in the nation yet had been treated as nothing politically. It should therefore have real representation.

Which was a direct result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 in England?

Answer: The Bill of Rights established that the monarch could not levy taxes or maintain a standing army in peacetime without Parliament's consent

After James II fled, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights (1689), which limited royal power and affirmed Parliament's control over taxation and the military. This created a constitutional monarchy.

Which statement best describes John Calvin's doctrine of predestination?

Answer: God has already chosen those who will be saved, regardless of their actions

Calvin taught that God has predestined the elect for salvation before birth, so human works cannot change that outcome. This distinguished Calvinism from the Catholic emphasis on faith plus works.

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that

Answer: people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and may overthrow a government that violates them

Locke held that government rests on the consent of the governed and exists to protect natural rights. If rulers violate that trust, the people have the right to replace them.

Which action by Louis XIV most directly reversed the policy of limited religious toleration that Henry IV had established in France?

Answer: Issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the Edict of Nantes

The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes (1598), outlawing Protestant worship in France. Louis XIV wanted religious uniformity to support his absolutist claim of 'one king, one law, one faith.'

Which description best characterizes the Portuguese approach to overseas expansion in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries?

Answer: A network of fortified coastal trading posts along Africa and the Indian Ocean to control the spice trade

Portugal sought control of trade by establishing fortified coastal posts in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Vasco da Gama's 1498 voyage to India opened a direct sea route to the spice markets.

The Haitian Revolution, beginning in 1791 in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, is historically significant because it:

Answer: produced the only successful large-scale slave uprising that led to an independent state ruled by former slaves

Enslaved people, led most famously by Toussaint Louverture, defeated colonial and foreign forces, and Haiti declared independence in 1804. It became the first independent state in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Which of the following was transferred from the Americas to Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange and helped support population growth, especially in northern Europe?

Answer: The potato

The potato originated in the Americas and, once adopted in Europe, produced a high-calorie crop on small plots of land. Wheat, horses, and smallpox were carried from the Old World to the Americas.

The Brezhnev Doctrine, articulated after the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, held that

Answer: the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in a socialist state where socialism was considered under threat

After Warsaw Pact forces crushed the Prague Spring reforms of Alexander Dubček, the Soviet leadership asserted a duty to defend socialism in bloc countries. It justified intervention in their internal affairs.