Cancer Screening and Early Detection Flashcards

Which finding on a mammogram is classified as BI-RADS 5 and requires immediate biopsy?

Answer: Highly suggestive of malignancy, tissue sampling recommended

BI-RADS 5 indicates findings that are highly suggestive of malignancy (>95% likelihood), such as irregular spiculated masses with pleomorphic microcalcifications. Tissue biopsy is mandatory for all BI-RADS 5 findings.

Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for colorectal cancer screening detects which substance in stool?

Answer: Human hemoglobin (globin protein)

FIT detects human hemoglobin in the stool using antibodies specific to the human globin protein. Unlike guaiac-based FOBT, FIT does not require dietary restrictions and is more specific for colorectal bleeding.

A 55-year-old woman with a family history of Lynch syndrome undergoes genetic counseling. Which cancers are primarily associated with Lynch syndrome?

Answer: Colorectal and endometrial cancer

Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC) is caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) and is associated with colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, gastric, and urinary tract cancers.

What is the recommended screening interval for average-risk colonoscopy in patients with no polyps found?

Answer: Every 10 years

For average-risk patients with a negative colonoscopy (no adenomas or polyps), the recommended rescreening interval is 10 years, as colorectal cancer development from normal mucosa typically requires 10 or more years.

Which statement about PSA screening for prostate cancer is most accurate per current ONCC/USPSTF guidance?

Answer: PSA screening decision should be individualized with shared decision-making for men aged 55–69

The USPSTF and most oncology organizations recommend individualized, shared decision-making regarding PSA screening for men aged 55–69, acknowledging benefits of early detection alongside harms of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

Secondary prevention in oncology differs from primary prevention in that secondary prevention focuses on:

Answer: Detecting cancer early in asymptomatic individuals

Secondary prevention involves early detection of cancer through screening programs in asymptomatic populations, enabling treatment at an earlier, more curable stage. Primary prevention aims to reduce risk factors before cancer occurs.