Anatomy Exam Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?
- Chief cells
- G cells
- Parietal cells (Correct answer)
- Mucous neck cells
Correct answer: Parietal cells
Parietal (oxyntic) cells in the gastric glands secrete HCl via the H+/K+-ATPase proton pump on their luminal surface.
Question 2: At which vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
- T8
- T10 (Correct answer)
- T12
- L1
Correct answer: T10
The esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T10, accompanied by the vagal trunks.
Question 3: Which of the following is a retroperitoneal structure of the upper GI tract?
- Stomach
- First part of the duodenum
- Second part of the duodenum (Correct answer)
- Transverse colon
Correct answer: Second part of the duodenum
The second, third, and fourth parts of the duodenum are secondarily retroperitoneal, whereas the first part has a short mesentery and is intraperitoneal.
Question 4: Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the stomach?
- Phrenic nerve
- Greater splanchnic nerve
- Vagus nerve (CN X) (Correct answer)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Correct answer: Vagus nerve (CN X)
The vagus nerve (CN X) provides parasympathetic innervation to the stomach via the anterior and posterior vagal trunks.
Question 5: The hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) opens into which part of the duodenum?
- First part (duodenal cap)
- Second part (descending) (Correct answer)
- Third part (horizontal)
- Fourth part (ascending)
Correct answer: Second part (descending)
The ampulla of Vater opens at the major duodenal papilla on the posteromedial wall of the second (descending) part of the duodenum.
Question 6: What is the name of the peritoneal fold that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
- Lesser omentum
- Falciform ligament
- Greater omentum (Correct answer)
- Gastrorenal ligament
Correct answer: Greater omentum
The greater omentum hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach and drapes over the transverse colon and small bowel like an apron.
Question 7: Which lymph nodes receive primary lymphatic drainage from the fundus and body of the stomach?
- Inferior mesenteric nodes
- Ileocolic nodes
- Left gastric (coronary) nodes (Correct answer)
- External iliac nodes
Correct answer: Left gastric (coronary) nodes
The fundus and body of the stomach drain primarily to the left gastric (coronary) nodes along the lesser curvature, then to celiac nodes.
Anatomy Exam Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 3
Which cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?