Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Which of the following is an example of swatting a mosquito?

Answer: Use of the somatic nervous system

Swatting a mosquito is a conscious, voluntary action that requires deliberate muscle movement. The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. It transmits signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, enabling intentional actions like swatting.

We refer to this as __ when an output from a process prompts the creation of a substance that produced the initial output.

Answer: Positive feedback

Positive feedback occurs when the output of a system amplifies or enhances the original stimulus, leading to an even greater response. In this described scenario, the output (creation of a substance) further prompts the production of that substance, creating a reinforcing cycle that increases the initial output. This is characteristic of positive feedback loops.

Why is the presence of interneurons required?

Answer: To assist afferent and efferent neurons in their jobs to send messages.

Interneurons are found exclusively within the central nervous system and serve as crucial intermediaries. They connect afferent (sensory) neurons, which bring information to the CNS, with efferent (motor) neurons, which carry commands away from the CNS. Their role is to integrate sensory input and formulate appropriate motor responses, effectively assisting both types of neurons.

The following statement is FALSE.

Answer: The accessory nerve helps your eyes move around

The accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI) primarily controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which are involved in head and neck movements and shrugging the shoulders. Eye movements are controlled by other cranial nerves, specifically the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, not the accessory nerve. Therefore, the statement that the accessory nerve helps your eyes move around is false.

Despite not serving as a structural link like bone or cartilage, why is blood still regarded as a connective tissue?

Answer: Blood is made up of cells suspended in extracellular fluid

Connective tissues are characterized by having cells dispersed within an abundant extracellular matrix. While blood is fluid and doesn't provide structural support like bone, it fits this definition because its cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma. This composition allows blood to connect and transport substances throughout the body.

The ___ of a neuron is the area that receives the impulse.

Answer: Dendrite

Dendrites are the branched, tree-like extensions of a neuron that receive chemical signals (neurotransmitters) from other neurons. They act as the primary input region of the neuron, transmitting these impulses towards the cell body. This makes dendrites the specific area responsible for receiving incoming signals.

High tensile strength can be found in:

Answer: Fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue, also known as dense connective tissue, is rich in densely packed collagen fibers. These collagen fibers are arranged in parallel bundles, providing exceptional tensile strength and resistance to pulling forces. This characteristic is crucial for structures like tendons and ligaments, which connect muscles to bones and bones to bones, respectively.

Which of the following is NOT an epithelial tissue function?

Answer: To transmit the sensation of pain to the brain and spinal cord

Epithelial tissues primarily serve functions such as protection (e.g., skin), secretion (e.g., glands), absorption (e.g., lining of intestines), and filtration. The transmission of sensations like pain to the brain and spinal cord is a specialized function of nervous tissue, specifically sensory neurons, not epithelial tissue.

The site of substrate binding is referred to as the

Answer: Active Site

The active site is a specific region on an enzyme where substrate molecules bind. This site possesses a unique three-dimensional shape and chemical properties that allow it to precisely recognize and interact with its specific substrate(s), facilitating the catalytic reaction. It is where the enzyme-substrate complex is formed.

Before he begins his tennis competition preparation, Justin wants to consume foods that are high in energy. What cuisine will provide him with the greatest energy per pound out of the following?

Answer: Fat

Fats (lipids) are the most energy-dense macronutrient, providing approximately 9 calories per gram, which is more than double the energy provided by carbohydrates or proteins (about 4 calories per gram). Therefore, to obtain the greatest energy per pound, Justin should consume foods high in fat.

Which group of functional categories can be consistently found in sugars?

Answer: Hydroxyl groups

Sugars, or carbohydrates, are chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. This means their molecular structure consistently contains multiple hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. These hydroxyl groups are responsible for many of the characteristic properties of sugars, including their solubility in water.