Paediatrics and Child Health Flashcards

A 4-year-old presents with fever for 6 days, bilateral non-purulent conjunctivitis, cracked red lips, cervical lymphadenopathy and a polymorphous rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Kawasaki disease

Prolonged fever with conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes and lymphadenopathy defines Kawasaki disease.

What is the most serious complication of untreated Kawasaki disease?

Answer: Coronary artery aneurysms

Kawasaki disease can cause coronary artery aneurysms, which is why prompt treatment is essential.

What is the standard treatment for Kawasaki disease?

Answer: Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin

IVIG with aspirin within the first 10 days reduces the risk of coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease.

A child has a confluent maculopapular rash starting at the hairline and spreading downward, with cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and Koplik spots. What is the diagnosis?

Answer: Measles

The 3 Cs (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis) with Koplik spots and a top-down rash are diagnostic of measles.

A child has a high fever for 3-4 days that resolves, followed by the appearance of a rose-pink rash on the trunk. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Roseola infantum (HHV-6)

High fever that resolves just as a rose-pink trunk rash appears is classic for roseola caused by HHV-6.

A child presents with a 'slapped cheek' facial rash followed by a lacy reticular rash on the limbs. What is the causative organism?

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) causing slapped-cheek appearance is due to parvovirus B19.

A child with a sandpaper-like rash, strawberry tongue, fever and a recent streptococcal pharyngitis most likely has which condition?

Answer: Scarlet fever

A sandpaper rash with strawberry tongue following streptococcal throat infection is scarlet fever.