ACA Rescue & Emergency Response Flashcards

Which knot is most commonly recommended in ACA swiftwater rescue for attaching a throw bag line to a carabiner?

Answer: Figure-eight on a bight

The figure-eight on a bight creates a strong, reliable loop that is easy to inspect and untie even after loading.

What is the recommended swimming position when caught in a river rapid?

Answer: Float on your back, feet downstream, toes up

The defensive swimming position (back flat, feet downstream, toes up) protects the head and allows feet to deflect obstacles.

What is a 'hydraulic' or 'hole' in whitewater, and why is it dangerous?

Answer: A recirculating reversal of water behind a drop that can trap paddlers

A hydraulic is a recirculating feature where surface water flows back upstream, creating a washing machine-like trap for swimmers.

What does 'foot entrapment' mean and how should paddlers avoid it?

Answer: A foot wedged between rocks while standing in moving current; avoid by never standing in fast water above knee depth

Foot entrapment occurs when a foot is wedged between rocks and the current forces the body downstream, submerging the head — paddlers should never stand in fast water above knee depth.

During a group paddle, what is the purpose of the 'sweep' position?

Answer: To paddle at the rear and ensure no one is left behind

The sweep paddler travels at the back of the group so they can assist any paddler who falls behind or encounters difficulty.

When should an ACA instructor call for emergency medical services (EMS) in the field?

Answer: Whenever there is a suspected spinal injury, unconsciousness, or situation beyond the group's ability to manage

EMS should be called immediately when a situation exceeds the group's management capacity, especially for suspected spinal injuries or loss of consciousness.