AANPCB AANPCB Pathophysiology

Question 1

Which pathophysiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency

Answer

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Answer

Excess glucagon secretion only

Answer

Complete absence of insulin production

Question 2

In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which compensatory mechanism initially maintains cardiac output but ultimately worsens the condition?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer

Decreased heart rate

Answer

Reduced sympathetic tone

Answer

Decreased preload

Question 3

Which pathophysiological change underlies the development of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and water retention due to reduced GFR

Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production

Answer

Increased parathyroid hormone levels

Answer

Decreased renin secretion

Question 4

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in asthma that leads to airflow obstruction?

Accepted Answer

Bronchospasm, mucosal edema, and mucus hypersecretion

Answer

Alveolar destruction

Answer

Loss of elastic recoil

Answer

Pulmonary vascular remodeling

Question 5

In atherosclerosis, which event initiates plaque formation in arterial walls?

Accepted Answer

Endothelial injury and LDL oxidation in the intima

Answer

Platelet aggregation at the vessel lumen

Answer

Smooth muscle cell apoptosis

Answer

Decreased HDL in the bloodstream

Question 6

Which pathophysiological change is most responsible for the polyuria seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuresis due to glucosuria

Answer

Increased ADH secretion

Answer

Decreased aldosterone levels

Answer

Reduced tubular sodium reabsorption