Pharmacology and Medications Flashcards
6 cards from real Vision and Ophthalmology practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 6 Pharmacology and Medications flashcards as text
Timolol, a beta-blocker used to treat glaucoma, lowers IOP by:
Answer: Decreasing aqueous humor production by the ciliary body
Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker that reduces IOP by decreasing aqueous humor production from the ciliary body epithelium.
Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., latanoprost) lower IOP primarily by:
Answer: Increasing uveoscleral and trabecular outflow
Prostaglandin analogs are the most potent topical IOP-lowering agents, working primarily by enhancing uveoscleral outflow through the ciliary muscle.
Which class of glaucoma medication is contraindicated in patients with sulfonamide allergy?
Answer: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide topically; acetazolamide orally) are sulfonamide derivatives and may cause cross-reactivity in sulfonamide-allergic patients.
Tropicamide eye drops are used to dilate the pupil for fundus examination. What is their mechanism?
Answer: Anticholinergic (muscarinic antagonist)
Tropicamide blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, causing mydriasis and cycloplegia.
Pilocarpine eye drops are used in acute angle-closure glaucoma. What is their mechanism of action?
Answer: Stimulate muscarinic receptors to cause miosis and open the drainage angle
Pilocarpine is a muscarinic agonist that constricts the pupil (miosis) and contracts the ciliary muscle, pulling the peripheral iris away from the trabecular meshwork to open the angle.
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic eye drops (e.g., moxifloxacin) are commonly used to treat which ophthalmic condition?
Answer: Bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis
Topical fluoroquinolones provide broad-spectrum bactericidal coverage and are first-line treatment for bacterial keratitis and severe bacterial conjunctivitis.