Vision and Ophthalmology Common Eye Diseases and Disorders 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of glaucoma is characterized by a sudden painful rise in intraocular pressure with a mid-dilated, fixed pupil?
- Primary open-angle glaucoma
- Normal-tension glaucoma
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma (Correct answer)
- Secondary glaucoma
Correct answer: Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with sudden severe eye pain, nausea, blurred vision, halos, and a mid-dilated fixed pupil due to abrupt obstruction of aqueous outflow.
Question 2: What is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the United States?
- Cataracts
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Age-related macular degeneration (Correct answer)
- Glaucoma
Correct answer: Age-related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and legal blindness in Americans over age 65.
Question 3: A nuclear sclerotic cataract typically causes which refractive shift?
- Myopic shift (Correct answer)
- Hyperopic shift
- Astigmatic shift
- No refractive change
Correct answer: Myopic shift
Nuclear sclerotic cataracts increase the refractive index of the lens nucleus, causing a myopic (nearsighted) shift, sometimes improving near vision temporarily (second sight).
Question 4: Diabetic retinopathy with neovascularization is classified as:
- Mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
- Moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
- Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
- Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is defined by the presence of retinal neovascularization, which can lead to vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment.
Question 5: Which finding is characteristic of wet (exudative) age-related macular degeneration?
- Drusen only
- Geographic atrophy
- Choroidal neovascularization (Correct answer)
- Cotton wool spots
Correct answer: Choroidal neovascularization
Wet AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and cause rapid, severe vision loss.
Question 6: A patient with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and a lesion on the tip of the nose should be examined for what ocular complication?
- Optic neuritis
- Corneal involvement (Correct answer)
- Retinal detachment
- Lens subluxation
Correct answer: Corneal involvement
The Hutchinson sign (tip-of-nose lesion) indicates involvement of the nasociliary branch of CN V, predicting a high risk of ocular/corneal complications.
Vision and Ophthalmology Common Eye Diseases and Disorders 1
Which type of glaucoma is characterized by a sudden painful rise in intraocular pressure with a mid-dilated, fixed pupil?