UExcel Credit-by-Examination Program — Questions and Answers

Question 1: What is 'at-will employment' in the US context?

Employment that can be terminated by either party for any legal reason at any time (Correct answer)
A contract guaranteeing lifetime employment
A temporary employment arrangement lasting exactly one year
An arrangement where employees set their own hours

Correct answer: Employment that can be terminated by either party for any legal reason at any time

At-will employment allows either the employer or employee to end the employment relationship at any time for any lawful reason.

Question 2: How do living organisms use oxygen?

It is used to release energy that is stored in food. (Correct answer)
It controls the amount of heat produced.
It is part of water and is necessary to keep organisms hydrated.
Its a source of energy.

Correct answer: It is used to release energy that is stored in food.

Explanation: Oxygen assists organisms in growing, reproducing, and converting food into energy. Humans receive oxygen by breathing into their lungs through their nose and mouth. Our cells use oxygen to break down food and obtain the energy we require to exist.

Question 3: In a box plot, the box itself represents:

The range of the entire dataset
The interquartile range (IQR) (Correct answer)
The standard deviation
The mean plus or minus one standard deviation

Correct answer: The interquartile range (IQR)

The box in a box plot spans from Q1 to Q3, representing the interquartile range.

Question 4: The process by which a cell engulfs a large particle by wrapping its membrane around it is called:

Phagocytosis (Correct answer)
Osmosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis

Correct answer: Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis ('cell eating') is the process by which cells engulf large solid particles such as bacteria or debris.

Question 5: A DNA virus is which of the following?

Poxvirus
Calicivirus (Correct answer)
Adenovirus
Papovirus

Correct answer: Calicivirus

Explanation: Caliciviruses are small, non-enveloped RNA viruses with cup-shaped depressions on a spherical capsid surface, hence their name, which comes from calyx, which means chalice.

Question 6: Which of the diseases and germs on this list are mismatched?

Yersinia enterocolitica – Diptheria (Correct answer)
Tinea nigra – Cladosporium werneckii
Treponema pallidum – Syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi – Lyme disease

Correct answer: Yersinia enterocolitica – Diptheria

The correct answer : Yersinia enterocolitica – Diptheria

Question 7: Which of the following statements about endotoxins is false?

Can cause fever
Produced by gram negative microorganisms
Endotoxins are secreted from cells. (Correct answer)
Can be linked to Meningococcemia

Correct answer: Endotoxins are secreted from cells.

Explanation: Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in Gram-negative bacteria's cell walls that can cause inflammation and fever in higher organisms as an immunological response. Endotoxic reactions can cause anaphylactic shock and death in patients.

Question 8: A group to which a person belongs and with which they feel a sense of identity and loyalty is called a(n):

In-group (Correct answer)
Reference group
Secondary group
Out-group

Correct answer: In-group

An in-group is a social group to which a person belongs and identifies with, typically creating a sense of 'we' versus 'them' in contrast to out-groups.

Question 9: What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency (Correct answer)
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Complete absence of insulin production
Excessive glucagon secretion only

Correct answer: Insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency

Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance in peripheral tissues along with progressive beta-cell dysfunction and relative insulin deficiency.

Question 10: Emile Durkheim used the term 'anomie' to describe which social condition?

Excessive social cohesion among groups
Extreme cultural conformity in modern societies
A state of normlessness or breakdown of social norms (Correct answer)
High levels of mechanical solidarity

Correct answer: A state of normlessness or breakdown of social norms

Durkheim coined 'anomie' to describe a state of normlessness where social rules have broken down, often associated with increased rates of deviance and suicide.

Question 11: What is the term for the tendency to attribute others' behavior to their character rather than the situation?

Confirmation bias
Fundamental attribution error (Correct answer)
Actor-observer bias
Self-serving bias

Correct answer: Fundamental attribution error

The fundamental attribution error describes overemphasizing dispositional factors and underemphasizing situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Question 12: Which bone marking is a rounded projection that articulates with another bone to form a joint?

Crest
Foramen
Fossa
Condyle (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Condyle

A condyle is a rounded articular projection on a bone that forms part of a synovial joint.

Question 13: Which of the following bacteria has not been associated to urinary tract infections?

E. coli
Haemophilus (Correct answer)
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas

Correct answer: Haemophilus

Explanation: Gram-negative coccobacilli have ultrastructural characteristics comparable to other dangerous bacteria. Hemin (factor X) and NAD+ (factor V) are required for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae. Other Haemophilus species grow on blood agar because they just need NAD+ to survive.

Question 14: Which research method involves the researcher immersing themselves in a group or community to study it from an insider perspective?

Experimental method
Content analysis
Participant observation (Correct answer)
Survey research

Correct answer: Participant observation

Participant observation involves the researcher joining and actively participating in the group being studied to gather rich, firsthand qualitative data.

Question 15: Which of the following is an example of a primary source?

A biography about a scientist
The original text of a historical speech (Correct answer)
A textbook chapter summarizing research
A scholarly article analyzing a novel

Correct answer: The original text of a historical speech

A primary source is original, firsthand material, such as a historical speech, original data, or literary text.

Question 16: What does coherence in writing refer to?

Using complex vocabulary throughout the text
Avoiding all use of passive voice
The logical flow and connection between ideas and sentences (Correct answer)
Keeping paragraphs to exactly five sentences

Correct answer: The logical flow and connection between ideas and sentences

Coherence refers to the smooth, logical connection between ideas so the writing flows clearly from one point to the next.

Question 17: Which of the following is a characteristic of long-term memory?

Holds about 7 items for up to 30 seconds
Unlimited capacity and relatively permanent storage (Correct answer)
Limited capacity and brief duration
Relies only on acoustic encoding

Correct answer: Unlimited capacity and relatively permanent storage

Long-term memory has virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for years or a lifetime.

Question 18: A topic sentence in a body paragraph should:

State the main point of that paragraph and connect to the thesis (Correct answer)
Summarize the previous paragraph
Include supporting evidence
Introduce a new argument unrelated to the thesis

Correct answer: State the main point of that paragraph and connect to the thesis

A topic sentence introduces the paragraph's main idea and links it to the essay's overall thesis.

Question 19: The blood-brain barrier is primarily formed by:

Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Astrocyte cell bodies
Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells

Tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells form the structural basis of the blood-brain barrier, restricting passage of most substances.

Question 20: Which of the viruses listed below is not a single-strand linear RNA virus?

Bunyavirus (Correct answer)
Retrovirus
Picornavirus
Togavirus

Correct answer: Bunyavirus

Explanation: Bunyaviridae are spherical, enclosed RNA viruses that are transmitted by arthropods or rodents. Bunyaviruses cause a variety of febrile illnesses in humans and other animals. They either have a rodent or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.

Question 21: What mechanism causes the classic symptoms of asthma (wheezing, dyspnea)?

Bronchospasm, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion causing reversible airway narrowing (Correct answer)
Pulmonary fibrosis stiffening the lung parenchyma
Pleural effusion compressing lung tissue
Permanent alveolar destruction reducing gas exchange

Correct answer: Bronchospasm, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion causing reversible airway narrowing

Asthma involves reversible bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and mucus plugging that narrow airways and cause characteristic wheezing.

Question 22: Which of the following bacteria is incorrectly matched to the proper isolation media?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Pink colonies media (Correct answer)
Fungi – Sabourand’s agar
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Haemophilus influenzae – Chocolate agar

Correct answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Pink colonies media

The correct answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Pink colonies media

Question 23: Which of the following organisms is transmitted by the Ixodes tick?

Babesia (Correct answer)
Trichomonas vaginalis
Leishmania donovani
Giardia lamblia

Correct answer: Babesia

Explanation: Babesiosis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Babesia that is primarily spread by tick vectors. Blood transfusions, organ transplants, and congenital transmission are extremely rare. Babesia protozoa infect animals, causing red blood cell lysis.

Question 24: The rhetorical appeal that relies on logic and evidence is called:

Logos (Correct answer)
Ethos
Pathos
Kairos

Correct answer: Logos

Logos is the rhetorical appeal based on logical reasoning, facts, and evidence.

Question 25: Which of the following organisms is transmitted by the Tsetse fly?

Trichomonas vaginalis
Toxoplasma
Trypanosoma gambiense (Correct answer)
Entamoeba histolytica

Correct answer: Trypanosoma gambiense

Explanation: Tsetse flies are the main carriers of African trypanosomes, which cause human and animal trypanosomiasis in 36 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. These flies have formed symbiotic relationships with bacterial and viral microbes as well.

Question 26: What does IQ stand for and how is it calculated?

Intelligence Qualification; raw score divided by sample mean, multiplied by 100
Intelligence Quotient; mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 (Correct answer)
Intellectual Quality; percentile rank converted to a scale score
Intelligence Quantity; number of correct answers on a standardized test

Correct answer: Intelligence Quotient; mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, originally calculated as (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100.

Question 27: What is the correct way to cite a direct quote using MLA format?

(Author, Year, Page)
(Author Page) (Correct answer)
[Author Page]
(Author, Page)

Correct answer: (Author Page)

MLA format uses parenthetical citations with the author's last name and page number, e.g., (Smith 45).

Question 28: Which of the following is an example of a conflict of interest?

A manager gives positive feedback to a high-performing employee
A company donates to a nonprofit unrelated to its business
A purchasing officer selects their spouse's company for a contract without disclosure (Correct answer)
An employee disagrees with a supervisor's decision

Correct answer: A purchasing officer selects their spouse's company for a contract without disclosure

A conflict of interest occurs when personal interests could inappropriately influence professional decisions.

Question 29: Price-fixing between competitors is considered unethical and illegal because it:

Eliminates fair market competition and harms consumers by artificially inflating prices (Correct answer)
Makes it harder for new companies to raise capital
Violates accounting standards
Reduces company profits over time

Correct answer: Eliminates fair market competition and harms consumers by artificially inflating prices

Price-fixing is a form of antitrust violation where competitors collude to set prices, removing competition and harming consumers.

Question 30: What does the standard deviation measure in a dataset?

The average of all values
The difference between the highest and lowest values
The middle value in a sorted dataset
The spread or dispersion of values around the mean (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The spread or dispersion of values around the mean

Standard deviation measures how spread out values are around the mean.

Question 31: Role conflict occurs when:

Social norms change rapidly and people become uncertain about expected behavior
A person fails to adequately perform the duties of their social role
A person transitions from one social status to a higher social status
The demands of two or more roles that a person holds simultaneously are incompatible (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The demands of two or more roles that a person holds simultaneously are incompatible

Role conflict occurs when the competing demands or expectations of two or more roles that an individual occupies at the same time create stress or incompatibility.

Question 32: In APA format, the reference list is:

Alphabetized by the author's last name (Correct answer)
Listed in the order sources appear in the text
Alphabetized by the first word of the title
Ordered by the date of publication

Correct answer: Alphabetized by the author's last name

APA reference lists are organized alphabetically by the first author's last name.

Question 33: Which ethical theory holds that the morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences?

Deontology
Contractarianism
Virtue ethics
Consequentialism (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Consequentialism

Consequentialism judges actions as right or wrong based on the outcomes they produce, with utilitarianism being its most well-known form.

Question 34: Which mechanism best explains edema formation in inflammation?

Decreased blood flow to the affected area
Reduced lymphatic drainage only
Increased capillary permeability allows fluid and proteins to leak into interstitial spaces (Correct answer)
Decreased plasma protein production

Correct answer: Increased capillary permeability allows fluid and proteins to leak into interstitial spaces

Inflammatory mediators increase capillary permeability, causing protein-rich fluid to move from capillaries into interstitial tissue.

Question 35: Which of the following structures is the most crucial in microbial cell attachment?

Peptidoglycan
Flagellum
Glycocalix (Correct answer)
Plasmid

Correct answer: Glycocalix

Explanation: The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid layer that protects bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells' cell membranes. Martinez-Palomo identified the glycocalyx, a cell covering seen in animal cells, in 1970.

Question 36: Which term describes the practice of making misleading environmental claims to appear more eco-friendly?

Bluewashing
Pinkwashing
Greenwashing (Correct answer)
Whitewashing

Correct answer: Greenwashing

Greenwashing involves companies making false or exaggerated claims about environmental friendliness to attract environmentally conscious consumers.

Question 37: What is the 'triple bottom line' in sustainable business practice?

Local, national, and international revenue streams
Short-term, medium-term, and long-term profits
Revenue, operating income, and net profit
People, planet, and profit (Correct answer)

Correct answer: People, planet, and profit

The triple bottom line framework measures business performance across social (people), environmental (planet), and financial (profit) dimensions.

Question 38: Which term describes the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their society?

Acculturation
Socialization (Correct answer)
Enculturation
Assimilation

Correct answer: Socialization

Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn cultural norms, values, and behaviors to function as members of society.

Question 39: What is the difference between denotation and connotation?

Denotation applies only to nouns; connotation applies to verbs
They are synonyms with no meaningful difference
Denotation is figurative meaning; connotation is literal meaning
Denotation is the dictionary definition; connotation is the associated emotional meaning (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Denotation is the dictionary definition; connotation is the associated emotional meaning

Denotation is a word's literal dictionary meaning, while connotation refers to the emotional or cultural associations the word carries.

Question 40: What is the purpose of a chi-square test?

To compare two population means
To calculate standard deviation
To test the relationship between categorical variables (Correct answer)
To determine regression coefficients

Correct answer: To test the relationship between categorical variables

The chi-square test assesses whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

Question 41: What is the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

The idea that businesses have obligations to society beyond profit generation (Correct answer)
The responsibility of the board to maximize stock value
A company's legal obligation to pay taxes
A government mandate requiring companies to donate to charities

Correct answer: The idea that businesses have obligations to society beyond profit generation

CSR refers to a business's commitment to operating ethically and contributing positively to society, the environment, and stakeholders.

Question 42: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily causes:

Airflow obstruction due to airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and alveolar destruction (Correct answer)
Increased diffusion capacity across the alveolar membrane
Pulmonary edema and fluid accumulation
Decreased lung compliance and restrictive lung disease

Correct answer: Airflow obstruction due to airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and alveolar destruction

COPD, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, causes obstructive airflow limitation and is strongly associated with cigarette smoking.

Question 43: Which of the following symptoms is not associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Epiglottis
Malaria (Correct answer)
Pneumonia
Otitis media

Correct answer: Malaria

Explanation: Malaria is caused by neither a virus nor a bacteria. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is spread by infected mosquitoes. A mosquito feeds on Plasmodia infected blood.

Question 44: What does stakeholder theory argue?

Only government entities can hold corporations accountable
Companies should focus solely on shareholder returns
Profits are the only measure of business success
Companies have obligations to all parties affected by their operations, not just shareholders (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Companies have obligations to all parties affected by their operations, not just shareholders

Stakeholder theory holds that businesses should consider the interests of all stakeholders — employees, customers, communities, and shareholders.

Question 45: Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme outliers?

Mean (Correct answer)
Mode
Median
Range

Correct answer: Mean

The mean is most sensitive to outliers because it incorporates every value in its calculation.

Question 46: What occurs during a myocardial infarction?

Heart valves become calcified and stop functioning
Coronary artery occlusion causes ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue (Correct answer)
The heart muscle hypertrophies due to increased workload
Pericardial fluid accumulates around the heart

Correct answer: Coronary artery occlusion causes ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue

A myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is blocked (usually by plaque rupture and thrombosis), causing ischemic death of heart muscle.

Question 47: What is the purpose of an abstract in an academic paper?

To give a brief summary of the paper's purpose, methods, and findings (Correct answer)
To acknowledge sources used in the research
To provide a detailed literature review
To introduce the research question only

Correct answer: To give a brief summary of the paper's purpose, methods, and findings

An abstract is a concise summary of the entire paper, typically 150–250 words, covering purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

Question 48: Which ethical decision-making model uses the question 'What would a reasonable, prudent person do in this situation?'

The Golden Rule approach
The utilitarian approach
The categorical imperative
The reasonable person standard (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The reasonable person standard

The reasonable person standard evaluates decisions by asking what a thoughtful, ethical person with average judgment would do.

Question 49: Cultural relativism is the practice of:

Believing all cultures share the same universal moral principles
Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture
Evaluating a culture based on its own values, context, and standards (Correct answer)
Adopting practices and beliefs from other cultures into one's own

Correct answer: Evaluating a culture based on its own values, context, and standards

Cultural relativism holds that any culture should be understood and evaluated within its own context and on its own terms, not by the standards of another culture.

Question 50: A social status that is assigned at birth and cannot be changed is called a(n):

Tertiary status
Achieved status
Master status
Ascribed status (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ascribed status

Ascribed status is a social position assigned at birth based on factors like race, sex, or family background, over which individuals have no control.

Question 51: What is the primary purpose of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) in business?

To protect confidential business information from being shared with outside parties (Correct answer)
To prevent employees from forming unions
To ensure customers cannot sue for defective products
To limit executive compensation disclosures

Correct answer: To protect confidential business information from being shared with outside parties

An NDA is a legal contract that obligates parties to keep specified information confidential and not disclose it to third parties.

Question 52: Insider trading is illegal because it:

Increases transaction costs for all investors
Gives unfair advantage to those with non-public information, undermining market integrity (Correct answer)
Reduces stock market volatility
Violates international trade agreements

Correct answer: Gives unfair advantage to those with non-public information, undermining market integrity

Insider trading violates securities laws because it allows individuals with privileged non-public information to profit unfairly at others' expense.

Question 53: Which of the viruses below is not a double-strand linear DNA virus?

Herpesvirus
Adenovirus
Papovavirus (Correct answer)
Poxvirus

Correct answer: Papovavirus

Explanation: Papovaviruses are icosahedral viruses with circular, double-stranded DNA that are tiny and non-enveloped.

Question 54: In sociology, 'deviance' refers to:

Criminal behavior that is prosecuted under the formal legal system
Behavior that meets the clinical criteria for a psychological disorder
Behavior that violates social norms and expectations of a given group or society (Correct answer)
Biologically abnormal behavior that deviates from the human genetic norm

Correct answer: Behavior that violates social norms and expectations of a given group or society

Deviance is any behavior or characteristic that violates social norms and expectations, ranging from minor breaches of etiquette to serious crimes.

Question 55: What ethical principle is violated when a company dumps toxic waste in a developing country to avoid US regulations?

The principle of beneficence only
The universality principle — applying different standards to different populations based on profit motives (Correct answer)
The principle of nonmaleficence only
The principle of autonomy only

Correct answer: The universality principle — applying different standards to different populations based on profit motives

This violates universality (Kant's principle) by applying lower ethical standards to one group while benefiting financially, exploiting regulatory disparities.

Question 56: The DSM-5 is used by mental health professionals to:

Design therapy treatment plans
Prescribe medications for mental disorders
Measure intelligence across populations
Classify and diagnose mental disorders (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Classify and diagnose mental disorders

The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental health conditions.

Question 57: What is the primary purpose of a thesis statement in an essay?

To list the sources used
To summarize the conclusion
To provide background information on the topic
To present the central argument or claim of the essay (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To present the central argument or claim of the essay

A thesis statement presents the main argument or claim that the entire essay will support and develop.

Question 58: Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of cirrhosis?

Chronic liver injury leading to fibrosis, scar tissue replacement of hepatocytes, and loss of liver function (Correct answer)
Fatty infiltration of the liver without structural changes
Autoimmune destruction of bile ducts only
Acute inflammation causing temporary liver enlargement

Correct answer: Chronic liver injury leading to fibrosis, scar tissue replacement of hepatocytes, and loss of liver function

Cirrhosis results from repeated liver injury that causes progressive fibrosis, replacing functional hepatocytes with scar tissue and impairing liver function.

Question 59: What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

They are the same thing
Negative reinforcement decreases behavior; punishment increases it
Both decrease behavior but through different mechanisms
Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus; punishment decreases behavior (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus; punishment decreases behavior

Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, while punishment weakens behavior by adding or removing stimuli.

Question 60: Which of the following is an example of 'vertical social mobility'?

A person born into a working-class family who becomes a corporate executive (Correct answer)
A factory worker who moves from one factory to another factory at the same wage level
An immigrant who moves to a new country but performs the same occupation
A teacher who changes schools but maintains the same salary and social status

Correct answer: A person born into a working-class family who becomes a corporate executive

Vertical social mobility involves movement up or down the social hierarchy, such as moving from a working-class background to an upper-class professional position.

Question 61: Which sentence contains a dangling modifier?

After she studied all night, she passed the exam.
Running quickly, Maria caught the bus.
Having finished the report, the manager approved it.
Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful.

A dangling modifier occurs when the participial phrase (Walking down the street) logically applies to the wrong noun (trees).

Question 62: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be met before esteem needs?

Self-actualization
Cognitive needs
Transcendence
Love and belongingness (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Love and belongingness

In Maslow's hierarchy, love and belongingness (social) needs must be satisfied before esteem needs can be addressed.

Question 63: Which of the diseases and germs listed below are mismatched?

Lyme disease – Yersinia pestis (Correct answer)
Tularemia – Francisella tularensis
Cellulitis – Pasteurella multocida
Gastritis – Heliobacter pylori

Correct answer: Lyme disease – Yersinia pestis

The correct answer: Lyme disease – Yersinia pestis

Question 64: Which sentence demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement?

The team are playing well this season.
The committee has reached a decision. (Correct answer)
Each of the reports are due tomorrow.
Neither the students nor the teacher were prepared.

Correct answer: The committee has reached a decision.

Collective nouns like 'committee' take singular verbs when acting as a single unit.

Question 65: Deontological ethics, associated with Kant, judges actions based on:

Adherence to rules and duties regardless of outcome (Correct answer)
The character of the person performing the action
Social contracts and agreements
Their outcomes and consequences

Correct answer: Adherence to rules and duties regardless of outcome

Kantian deontology holds that certain actions are inherently right or wrong based on duty, regardless of their consequences.

Question 66: The term 'cardiac output' is best defined as:

Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (Correct answer)
The total blood volume in the body
The pressure difference between systole and diastole
The volume of blood the heart ejects per beat

Correct answer: Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV), representing the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.

Question 67: Which type of essay requires you to present multiple perspectives without taking a personal position?

Expository essay (Correct answer)
Persuasive essay
Narrative essay
Descriptive essay

Correct answer: Expository essay

An expository essay presents information, explains concepts, or analyzes multiple perspectives objectively.

Question 68: What is the primary mechanism of damage in stroke?

Accumulation of amyloid plaques blocking neural transmission
Ischemia (blocked blood flow) or hemorrhage causing neuronal death in brain tissue (Correct answer)
Chronic demyelination of cerebral neurons
Viral infection of cerebral cortex neurons

Correct answer: Ischemia (blocked blood flow) or hemorrhage causing neuronal death in brain tissue

Ischemic strokes result from blocked cerebral blood flow causing hypoxic neuronal death, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding that destroys brain tissue.

Question 69: Which of the following best describes the concept of due diligence in business?

Paying employees on time
Thoroughly investigating and assessing risks before entering a business deal or transaction (Correct answer)
Following all government regulations
Disclosing all company information to the public

Correct answer: Thoroughly investigating and assessing risks before entering a business deal or transaction

Due diligence involves comprehensive investigation and risk assessment before a transaction, such as an acquisition or major contract.

Question 70: A RNA virus is which of the following?

Orthomyxovirus
Herpesvirus (Correct answer)
Deltavirus
Reovirus

Correct answer: Herpesvirus

Explanation: A herpes virus with DNA as its genetic material that causes herpes infections. Human herpesviruses are divided into two kinds. Cold sores on the lips or nose are caused by type 1 virus infections. Sores on the genitals are caused by type 2 virus infections (external and internal sex organs and glands).

Question 71: Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and addresses proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 72: Which of the following bacteria is not gram-negative?

Bordetella pertussis
Vibrio cholerae
Clostridium perfringens (Correct answer)
Escherichia coli

Correct answer: Clostridium perfringens

Explanation: Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene, meningitis, appendicitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections, septicaemia, sudden infant death syndrome, and a variety of gastrointestinal problems in humans and animals.

Question 73: Which of the following is not true when the body is positioned in the anatomical position?

The face is forward.
The palms are facing backward (Correct answer)
The body is erect.
The arms are at the sides.

Correct answer: The palms are facing backward

The correct answer: The palms are facing backward

Question 74: Which of the structures below contains enzyme and antibiotic resistance genes?

Plasmid (Correct answer)
Plasma Membrane
Capsule
Pilus

Correct answer: Plasmid

Explanation: Plasmids are DNA molecules that are present in bacteria and other microscopic creatures. Plasmids are physically distinct from chromosomal DNA and multiply in their own right.

Question 75: What is the median of the dataset: 3, 7, 9, 12, 15?

9 (Correct answer)
12
10
7

Correct answer: 9

The median is the middle value of a sorted dataset, which is 9 in this case.

Question 76: Which type of variable can take any value within a range?

Continuous variable (Correct answer)
Discrete variable
Nominal variable
Ordinal variable

Correct answer: Continuous variable

A continuous variable can take any value within a range, including fractional values.

Question 77: The concept of 'social mobility' refers to:

The change in an individual's or group's position within the social stratification system (Correct answer)
The process of urbanization occurring in industrializing societies
The spread of cultural practices from one society to another through contact
The movement of people from one geographic location to another

Correct answer: The change in an individual's or group's position within the social stratification system

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy, changing their relative position within the stratification system.

Question 78: Which sociologist is most closely associated with the development of symbolic interactionism?

Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
George Herbert Mead (Correct answer)
Auguste Comte

Correct answer: George Herbert Mead

George Herbert Mead is considered the founder of symbolic interactionism, focusing on how shared symbols and meanings created through social interaction construct social reality.

Question 79: What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?

Viral infection of arterial walls
Autoimmune destruction of arterial endothelium
Bacterial colonization of the coronary arteries
Accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue forming plaques in arterial walls (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue forming plaques in arterial walls

Atherosclerosis results from endothelial injury followed by lipid deposition, inflammation, and plaque formation in arterial walls.

Question 80: Which sentence uses the semicolon correctly?

She loves to write; poems, stories, and essays.
He studied hard; and passed the exam.
The conference was canceled; however, the workshop continued. (Correct answer)
I need: pens; paper; and notebooks.

Correct answer: The conference was canceled; however, the workshop continued.

A semicolon correctly joins two independent clauses, especially when the second begins with a conjunctive adverb like 'however.'

Question 81: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature primarily by acting as a:

Thermostat set point (Correct answer)
Sweat gland regulator only
Heat generator
Chemoreceptor

Correct answer: Thermostat set point

The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, comparing core temperature to a set point and triggering corrective responses (shivering, sweating).

Question 82: Which of the following is not connected to fungi?

Cryptococcus neoformans
Tinea nigra
Chlamydiae (Correct answer)
Candida albicans

Correct answer: Chlamydiae

Explanation: Chlamydiae are bacteria that only live inside cells. They lack a number of metabolic and biosynthetic pathways and must rely on the host cell for intermediates, such as ATP. Chlamydiae is divided into two stages: infectious particles known as elementary bodies and intracytoplasmic reproductive forms known as reticulate bodies.

Question 83: A correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicates:

A weak positive relationship
A weak negative relationship
No relationship
A strong negative relationship (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A strong negative relationship

A correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicates a strong negative linear relationship between two variables.

Question 84: Which type of synovial joint allows the widest range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation?

Ball-and-socket joint (Correct answer)
Pivot joint
Saddle joint
Hinge joint

Correct answer: Ball-and-socket joint

Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder, hip) allow multiaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

Question 85: A corporate code of ethics primarily serves to:

Provide legal immunity to executives
Maximize shareholder profits
Replace government regulations entirely
Guide employee behavior and establish organizational values (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Guide employee behavior and establish organizational values

A corporate code of ethics communicates organizational values and provides guidelines for ethical decision-making by employees.

Question 86: Which theoretical perspective emphasizes that society is characterized by inequality and that conflict between competing groups drives social change?

Structural functionalism
Conflict theory (Correct answer)
Functionalism
Symbolic interactionism

Correct answer: Conflict theory

Conflict theory, most associated with Karl Marx, argues that inequality and struggle between groups competing for resources and power are the driving forces of social change.

Question 87: In the writing process, what typically occurs during the revision stage?

Evaluating and improving content, organization, and clarity (Correct answer)
Formatting the final document
Correcting spelling and punctuation errors only
Brainstorming ideas for the essay

Correct answer: Evaluating and improving content, organization, and clarity

Revision involves reconsidering and improving the essay's ideas, structure, and clarity, not just fixing surface errors.

Question 88: What is cognitive dissonance?

The inability to form new memories
The discomfort felt when holding two conflicting beliefs or acting against one's beliefs (Correct answer)
A bias toward confirming existing beliefs
A disorder characterized by disorganized thinking

Correct answer: The discomfort felt when holding two conflicting beliefs or acting against one's beliefs

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that arises when a person holds contradictory beliefs or behaves inconsistently with their beliefs.

Question 89: Surfactant produced by Type II pneumocytes primarily functions to:

Warm inspired air
Transport oxygen to blood
Reduce alveolar surface tension (Correct answer)
Filter airborne particles

Correct answer: Reduce alveolar surface tension

Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing their collapse (atelectasis) during exhalation.

Question 90: Which of the bacteria below stains well?

Chlamydia
Treponema
Escherichia coli (Correct answer)
Legionella pneumophila

Correct answer: Escherichia coli

Explanation: E. coli is a bacteria found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals.

Question 91: A bribe differs from a legitimate business gift because:

Gifts must be disclosed to the government
Bribes can only occur in foreign countries
A bribe is intended to improperly influence a business decision (Correct answer)
Gifts are tax-deductible while bribes are not

Correct answer: A bribe is intended to improperly influence a business decision

A bribe is given to corruptly influence someone's decisions or actions, making it illegal and unethical, unlike a genuine goodwill gift.

Question 92: What is the phenomenon where the presence of others improves performance on simple tasks?

Groupthink
Social facilitation (Correct answer)
Deindividuation
Social loafing

Correct answer: Social facilitation

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to perform simple or well-practiced tasks better in the presence of others.

Question 93: Which part of the brain is primarily associated with emotion and memory formation?

Brainstem
Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
Limbic system (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Limbic system

The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, is central to emotional processing and memory formation.

Question 94: Which organ produces bile salts used in fat digestion?

Gallbladder
Liver (Correct answer)
Small intestine
Pancreas

Correct answer: Liver

The liver synthesizes bile salts; the gallbladder only stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the duodenum.

Question 95: True/False: The wrist is distal to the elbow.

False (Correct answer)
True

Correct answer: False

Explanation: The wrist joint is located far away from the elbow joint. The proximal row of carpal bones houses the scaphoid. The ankle joint is close to the knee joint.

Question 96: In a frequency distribution, relative frequency is calculated as:

Frequency divided by class width
Frequency divided by total number of observations (Correct answer)
Frequency multiplied by class width
Cumulative frequency divided by total observations

Correct answer: Frequency divided by total number of observations

Relative frequency equals the class frequency divided by the total number of observations.

Question 97: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted primarily to:

Increase corporate accountability and protect investors from accounting fraud (Correct answer)
Set minimum wage standards for corporations
Establish environmental reporting requirements
Regulate international trade agreements

Correct answer: Increase corporate accountability and protect investors from accounting fraud

SOX was passed in 2002 following accounting scandals at Enron and WorldCom to improve corporate governance and financial transparency.

Question 98: What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Using a sample that is too small
Accepting the alternative hypothesis incorrectly
Rejecting a true null hypothesis (Correct answer)
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

Correct answer: Rejecting a true null hypothesis

A Type I error (false positive) occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

Question 99: Which sociologist is known for developing the concept of the 'sociological imagination'?

Auguste Comte
Talcott Parsons
Max Weber
C. Wright Mills (Correct answer)

Correct answer: C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills introduced the 'sociological imagination' as the ability to connect personal troubles to broader social forces and historical context.

Question 100: The functionalist perspective in sociology views society as:

A collection of symbols and meanings created through everyday social interaction
A system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order (Correct answer)
A site of ongoing conflict between groups competing for scarce resources
An economic structure that shapes all other aspects of social life

Correct answer: A system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order

Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts, each serving specific functions that contribute to the overall stability and smooth operation of society.

Question 101: Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and dilates bronchioles in a 'fight-or-flight' response?

Enteric nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic division (Correct answer)
Parasympathetic division

Correct answer: Sympathetic division

The sympathetic division releases norepinephrine (and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla), increasing heart rate and dilating airways during stress.

Question 102: What is the function of a counterargument in a persuasive essay?

To weaken the writer's own thesis
To summarize the essay's main points
To acknowledge opposing views and then refute them to strengthen the argument (Correct answer)
To present an alternative conclusion

Correct answer: To acknowledge opposing views and then refute them to strengthen the argument

Addressing and refuting counterarguments demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens the overall persuasive essay.

Question 103: Which technique is most useful for generating ideas before drafting an essay?

Peer review
Proofreading
Freewriting (Correct answer)
Formatting

Correct answer: Freewriting

Freewriting encourages writers to generate ideas without stopping to edit or judge, making it effective for prewriting.

Question 104: Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

Number of students in a class
Eye color categories (Correct answer)
Test scores
Height in centimeters

Correct answer: Eye color categories

Qualitative (categorical) data describes characteristics or attributes, such as eye color categories.

Question 105: What is parallelism in writing?

Using two contrasting ideas in the same sentence
Using the same grammatical structure for elements in a series (Correct answer)
Repeating the same word for emphasis
Writing sentences of equal length throughout

Correct answer: Using the same grammatical structure for elements in a series

Parallelism means using consistent grammatical forms for coordinated elements, improving clarity and rhythm.

Question 106: Which stage of sleep is most associated with vivid dreaming?

REM sleep (Correct answer)
Stage 1 NREM
Stage 3 NREM (slow-wave sleep)
Stage 2 NREM

Correct answer: REM sleep

Vivid, narrative dreaming occurs primarily during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.

Question 107: Which structure connects the testes to the urethra and is responsible for sperm maturation?

Prostate gland
Epididymis (Correct answer)
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle

Correct answer: Epididymis

The epididymis is a coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored before passing into the vas deferens.

Question 108: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), which compensatory mechanism helps maintain normal blood pressure initially?

Decreased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation
Increased erythropoietin production raising red blood cell counts
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain sodium and water (Correct answer)
Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion

Correct answer: Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain sodium and water

As kidney function declines, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activates to maintain blood pressure, but chronically contributes to hypertension.

Question 109: Which layer of the skin contains the melanocytes responsible for skin pigmentation?

Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stratum basale

Melanocytes reside in the stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer) and produce the pigment melanin.

Question 110: Charles Cooley's concept of the 'looking-glass self' suggests that our sense of self develops primarily based on:

Personal achievements and individual accomplishments
The socioeconomic class into which we are born
How we believe others perceive and judge us (Correct answer)
Innate biological traits and genetic predispositions

Correct answer: How we believe others perceive and judge us

Cooley's 'looking-glass self' proposes that our self-concept is shaped by imagining how others see us, how they judge us, and how we feel about those judgments.

Question 111: A decomposition reaction can be represented as:

A+B --> C+D
C+D-->AB
AB-->A+B (Correct answer)
A+B -->AB

Correct answer: AB-->A+B

Explanation: AB-->A+Bis a common symbol for a decomposition reaction, where AB is the substrate and A and B are the products.

Question 112: In shock, impaired tissue perfusion leads to cellular injury primarily through:

Excess oxygen delivery to cells
Hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism resulting in lactic acidosis and cell death (Correct answer)
Decreased carbon dioxide levels in blood
Bacterial toxin production only

Correct answer: Hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism resulting in lactic acidosis and cell death

When perfusion is inadequate, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid and eventually leading to cell dysfunction and death.

Question 113: What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor?

Benign tumors always require surgery; malignant tumors do not
Benign tumors occur only in skin; malignant tumors occur internally
Benign tumors are always small; malignant tumors are large
Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not invade surrounding tissue; malignant tumors invade and can metastasize (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not invade surrounding tissue; malignant tumors invade and can metastasize

Benign tumors are encapsulated and localized, while malignant tumors invade adjacent tissue and can spread (metastasize) to distant sites.

Question 114: Which of the following statements about Staphylococcus aureus is false?

Staphylococcus aureus can lead to acute bacterial endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus is related to inflammation.
Staphylococcus aureus does not make coagulase (Correct answer)
Staphylococcus aureus can cause pneumonia

Correct answer: Staphylococcus aureus does not make coagulase

Explanation: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that belongs to the Bacillota family. It is a common member of the body's microbiota, commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.

Question 115: The tidal volume of a healthy adult at rest is approximately:

500 mL (Correct answer)
1,200 mL
150 mL
4,800 mL

Correct answer: 500 mL

Tidal volume—the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath at rest—averages approximately 500 mL in adults.

Question 116: In sociology, a 'role' refers to:

A person's core psychological identity
An individual's economic position in the class hierarchy
A person's innate personality characteristics
The behaviors and obligations expected of someone holding a particular social status (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The behaviors and obligations expected of someone holding a particular social status

A role consists of the behaviors, obligations, and privileges that others expect from a person who occupies a particular social status.

Question 117: Social stratification refers to:

The process by which societies become more technologically complex over time
The hierarchical ranking of individuals or groups based on wealth, power, or prestige (Correct answer)
The process of social mobility between successive generations
The geographic division of society into urban and rural areas

Correct answer: The hierarchical ranking of individuals or groups based on wealth, power, or prestige

Social stratification is the structured ranking of individuals or groups into hierarchical layers based on factors such as wealth, power, and social prestige.

Question 118: What is whistleblowing in a business context?

A regulatory agency fining a company for violations
An employee reporting their own company's illegal or unethical conduct (Correct answer)
Reporting a competitor's illegal activities to authorities
A manager disciplining an employee for misconduct

Correct answer: An employee reporting their own company's illegal or unethical conduct

Whistleblowing occurs when an employee reports internally or externally about organizational wrongdoing or illegal activities.

Question 119: Which of the following best defines plagiarism?

Using too many direct quotes in a paper
Paraphrasing an idea and citing the source
Presenting someone else's ideas or words as your own (Correct answer)
Using your own previous work in a new essay

Correct answer: Presenting someone else's ideas or words as your own

Plagiarism is the act of using another person's words, ideas, or work without proper attribution.

Question 120: What is apoptosis and how does it differ from necrosis?

Apoptosis occurs only in cancer; necrosis occurs in normal development
Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation; necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation (Correct answer)
Both are identical processes that cause inflammation
Apoptosis is accidental cell death; necrosis is programmed cell death

Correct answer: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation; necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation

Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed death of individual cells without inflammation, while necrosis is disorderly cell death that triggers an inflammatory response.

UExcel Credit-by-Examination Program

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