TExES (ESL 154) Flashcards

Through the use of simplified language, instructor modeling, visuals and graphics, cooperative learning, and hands-on learning, scaffolding refers to supplying contextual supports for meaning (Ovando, Collier, & Combs, 2003, p. 345).

Answer: Scaffolding Learning

The provided definition precisely describes 'scaffolding learning' in an educational context, especially for ESL students. Scaffolding refers to the strategic provision of temporary support, such as simplified language, visuals, and cooperative learning, to help learners grasp new concepts and develop skills. This support is gradually withdrawn as the learner becomes more proficient and independent.

Negative Transfer (Interference): Using pronunciation, rules, idioms, or words with different meanings or implications.

Answer: Common Difficulties in a 2nd Language

Negative transfer, also known as interference, occurs when a learner applies rules, pronunciations, or vocabulary from their first language (L1) to their second language (L2) in an inappropriate way. This often leads to errors or misunderstandings in the target language. It is a common difficulty specifically encountered when acquiring a second language, as learners draw on their existing linguistic knowledge.

is an effective teaching technique whereby small groups of students, each with varying degrees of aptitude, employ a range of learning exercises to increase their grasp of a subject.

Answer: Cooperative Learing

The definition accurately describes cooperative learning as an effective teaching technique. It involves small groups of students, often with varying aptitudes, working collaboratively on a range of learning exercises to deepen their understanding of a subject. This approach fosters peer interaction, mutual support, and shared responsibility for achieving learning outcomes.

"Conscious learning can only serve as a monitor or an editor,"

Answer: Monitor Hypothesis

The statement 'Conscious learning can only serve as a monitor or an editor' is a core tenet of Stephen Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that consciously learned language rules (e.g., grammar rules) act as an 'editor' or 'monitor' to correct or refine language produced by the subconsciously acquired system. It suggests that conscious learning does not initiate language production itself.

Input, Monitor, Natural Order, Acquisition/Learning, Affective Filter, and Input Hypotheses.

Answer: Krashen's 5 hypotheses

These six concepts—Input, Monitor, Natural Order, Acquisition/Learning, Affective Filter, and Input Hypotheses—are the foundational components of Stephen Krashen's highly influential theory of second language acquisition. Krashen proposed these five main hypotheses to explain how individuals acquire a second language. The 'Acquisition-Learning' distinction is often considered the first, and the 'Input' hypothesis is central to his theory.

Native Language is used in the core academic phase and will be used as necessary.

Answer: Developmental Bilingual

Developmental bilingual education, also known as late-exit bilingual education, aims to develop proficiency in both the native language and English. In this model, the native language is maintained and used for instruction, especially in core academic subjects, throughout elementary school, with English gradually introduced and increased. This approach supports students' cognitive and academic development in their first language while they acquire English.

Total physical response; say a single action word then perform that action.

Answer: TPR

TPR stands for Total Physical Response, a language teaching method developed by James Asher. It is characterized by teachers giving commands in the target language and students responding with physical actions, such as 'stand up' or 'walk.' This method is particularly effective for beginners as it links language directly to physical movement, reducing anxiety and promoting comprehension through kinesthetic learning.

The Texas Primary Reading Inventory gives teachers the opportunity to quickly gather information about the development of their students' reading concepts. It also engages students with fun tasks and engaging stories while giving teachers the chance to gather additional information to better match reading instruction to the needs of individual students.

Answer: TPRI

The description accurately details the purpose and function of the Texas Primary Reading Inventory (TPRI). TPRI is a diagnostic assessment tool specifically designed for Texas educators to evaluate the reading development of students from kindergarten through second grade. It helps identify students' strengths and weaknesses in key reading skills, allowing teachers to tailor instruction effectively.

Refers to an instructional activity that takes place in the form of a dialogue between teachers and students regarding the segment of the text. Structure by 4 strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting.

Answer: Reciprocal Teaching

Reciprocal Teaching is an instructional technique where students and teachers take turns leading a dialogue about sections of a text. This method is structured around four key strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. Its goal is to improve reading comprehension by teaching students to actively engage with and make meaning from what they read.

Listening, Speaking, Reading, & Writing is learn concurrently.

Answer: ESL Interrelatedness

ESL Interrelatedness refers to the principle that the four language domains—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—are not isolated skills but are interconnected and develop simultaneously. Effective ESL instruction recognizes that progress in one area often supports and influences progress in the others. Therefore, teaching methods should integrate these skills rather than treating them in isolation.

The Tejas LEE was developed to address areas important to the development of Spanish reading and comprehension.

Answer: Tejas LEE

The description directly identifies the Tejas LEE (Reading and Writing Spanish Language Assessment for Texas) as an assessment specifically designed for Spanish reading and comprehension development. This tool is crucial for educators in Texas to monitor the literacy progress of Spanish-speaking students. It helps identify strengths and areas for improvement in their native language reading skills.

The proper use of language; guidelines for efficient communication and meeting the demands of one's listeners.

Answer: Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language. It encompasses the social rules of language use, including how to communicate effectively and appropriately in different situations, considering the listener's needs and the social context. This involves understanding implied meanings, conversational turns, and appropriate register.

Cooperative learning, Learning Experience Assessment, Content-Based Learning, Language Scaffolding (Ovando), TPR Total Physical Response

Answer: ESL Teaching Methods

The list provided—Cooperative learning, Learning Experience Assessment, Content-Based Learning, Language Scaffolding, and Total Physical Response (TPR)—are all well-known and widely used instructional strategies specifically designed for teaching English as a Second Language. These methods address various aspects of language acquisition, from collaborative learning to comprehensible input and active engagement. They are fundamental components of effective ESL pedagogy.

When under extreme stress, fear, or embarrassment, does the ELL learner put up a mental barrier?

Answer: affective filter

The affective filter is a concept from Stephen Krashen's theory of second language acquisition. It refers to a 'mental barrier' that can prevent language input from reaching the brain's language acquisition device when a learner experiences negative emotions like stress, anxiety, or low self-esteem. A low affective filter, characterized by a comfortable and supportive learning environment, is crucial for successful language acquisition.

Knowledge > Comprehension > Application > Analysis > Synthesis > Evaluation.

Answer: Bloom's Taxonomy

The sequence provided—Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation—represents the original six levels of cognitive domains in Bloom's Taxonomy. This hierarchical classification system categorizes learning objectives according to their complexity, moving from basic recall to higher-order thinking skills. It is widely used by educators to design curriculum, instruction, and assessments.

CALP, cognitive academic language proficiency.

Answer: Cummins

Jim Cummins is the prominent researcher who introduced the concepts of BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills) and CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency). CALP refers to the language proficiency needed to understand and express complex academic concepts, which typically takes much longer for English Language Learners to develop than BICS. His work highlights the distinction between social and academic language.