Question 1: Which type of map is designed to show physical features like mountains and rivers?

• Political map
• Physical map (Correct answer)
• Climate map
• Population map

Correct answer: Physical map

Physical maps display landforms and natural features.

Question 2: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This describes which law?

• Newton's first law
• Ohm's law
• Law of conservation of mass
• Newton's third law (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Newton's third law

Newton's third law states that forces come in equal and opposite pairs.

Question 3: What is the term for a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services?

• Deflation
• Recession
• Inflation (Correct answer)
• Surplus

Correct answer: Inflation

Inflation is a general rise in prices over time.

Question 4: A trait controlled by a dominant allele will appear in an organism if the organism has how many copies of that allele?

• Exactly two
• Exactly three
• At least one (Correct answer)
• Zero

Correct answer: At least one

A dominant trait is expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.

Question 5: Read the following passage and answer the question: But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink. In the author's opinion

• Mankind is heading towards complete destruction.
• Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict. (Correct answer)
• Huge stockpiles of destructive weapons have so far saved mankind from a catastrophe.
• There is a silver lining over the production of deadly weapons.
• Superpowers have at last realized the need for abandoning the production of lethal weapons.

Correct answer: Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict.

The author explicitly states that the "silver lining" in the dark situation of superpower confrontation is that these nations, despite producing deadly weapons, are "desperately trying to find out how they might never be used." This directly supports the idea that they are actively working to avoid actual conflict, even as they engage in threats and brinkmanship.

Question 6: What is the volume of a cube with edge length 3 cm?

• 12 cubic cm
• 18 cubic cm
• 27 cubic cm (Correct answer)
• 9 cubic cm

Correct answer: 27 cubic cm

Volume = side^3 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 cubic cm.

Question 7: Which word is an antecedent in 'Maria lost her keys'?

• her
• keys
• Maria (Correct answer)
• lost

Correct answer: Maria

'Maria' is the noun that the pronoun 'her' refers to.

Question 8: Which sentence contains a word used incorrectly based on its definition?

• The author's tone was melancholy throughout the poem.
• The defendant was found innocent by the jury.
• The scientist hypothesized a possible cause for the disease.
• She was apathetic about winning the award, jumping for joy. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: She was apathetic about winning the award, jumping for joy.

'Apathetic' means showing no interest or emotion, which contradicts jumping for joy; this is therefore an incorrect usage.

Question 9: Which number is a prime number?

• 21
• 29 (Correct answer)
• 33
• 27

Correct answer: 29

29 has only two factors, 1 and itself, so it is prime.

Question 10: What form of energy travels in waves and allows us to see objects?

• Nuclear energy
• Light energy (Correct answer)
• Elastic energy
• Chemical energy

Correct answer: Light energy

Light energy is electromagnetic radiation that the eyes detect to enable vision.

Question 11: What is latitude?

• The depth of the ocean
• Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees (Correct answer)
• Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
• The height above sea level

Correct answer: Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

Latitude measures angular distance north or south of the Equator, with the Equator at 0° and the poles at 90° N and 90° S.

Question 12: Which inequality is true?

• -5 > -2
• 4 < -4
• -3 < 1 (Correct answer)
• 0 < -1

Correct answer: -3 < 1

-3 is to the left of 1 on the number line, so -3 < 1.

Question 13: Which gas makes up the largest portion of Earth's atmosphere?

• Argon
• Nitrogen (Correct answer)
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxygen

Correct answer: Nitrogen

Nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere.

Question 14: According to Newton's second law, if mass stays the same and force increases, acceleration will do what?

• Increase (Correct answer)
• Stay the same
• Become zero
• Decrease

Correct answer: Increase

Since F=ma, a greater force on the same mass produces greater acceleration.

Question 15: Read the following passage and answer the question: The following passage is from a discussion of various ways that living creatures have been classified over the years. The world can be classified in different ways, depending on one's interests and principles of clas- sification. The classifications (also known as Line taxonomies) in turn determine which comparisons 5 seem natural or unnatural, which literal or analog- ical. For example, it has been common to classify living creatures into three distinct groups—plants, animals, and humans. According to this classifica- tion, human beings are not a special kind of 10 animal, nor animals a special kind of plant. Thus any comparisons between the three groups are strictly analogical. Reasoning from inheritance in garden peas to inheritance in fruit flies, and from these two species to inheritance in human beings, 15 is sheer poetic metaphor. Another mode of classifying living creatures is commonly attributed to Aristotle. Instead of treat- ing plants, animals, and humans as distinct groups, they are nested. All living creatures 20 possess a vegetative soul that enables them to grow and metabolize. Of these, some also have a sensory soul that enables them to sense their envi- ronments and move. One species also has a rational soul that is capable of true understanding. 25 Thus, human beings are a special sort of animal, and animals are a special sort of plant. Given this classification, reasoning from human beings to all other species with respect to the attributes of the vegetative soul is legitimate, reasoning from 30 human beings to other animals with respect to the attributes of the sensory soul is also legitimate, but reasoning from the rational characteristics of the human species to any other species is merely analogical. According to both classifications, the 35 human species is unique. In the first, it has a king- dom all to itself; in the second, it stands at the pinnacle of the taxonomic hierarchy. Homo sapiens is unique. All species are. But this sort of uniqueness is not enough for many 40 (probably most) people, philosophers included. For some reason, it is very important that the species to which we belong be uniquely unique. It is of utmost importance that the human species be insulated from all other species with respect to 45 how we explain certain qualities. Human beings clearly are capable of developing and learning languages. For some reason, it is very important that the waggle dance performed by bees * not count as a genuine language. I have never been 50 able to understand why. I happen to think that the waggle dance differs from human languages to such a degree that little is gained by terming them both "languages," but even if "language" is so defined that the waggle dance slips in, bees still 55 remain bees. It is equally important to some that no other species use tools. No matter how inge- nious other species get in the manipulation of objects in their environment, it is absolutely essential that nothing they do count as "tool use." 60 I, however, fail to see what difference it makes whether any of these devices such as probes and anvils, etc. are really tools. All the species involved remain distinct biological species no matter what decisions are made. Similar observa- 65 tions hold for rationality and anything a computer might do. According to the author, what is most responsible for influencing our perception of a comparison between species?

• The style of language used by scientists in presenting their research
• The sophistication of the communication between organisms
• The organizational scheme imposed on the living world by researchers and philosophers (Correct answer)
• The magnitude of hierarchical distance between a species and Homo sapiens
• The behavior of the organisms in their natural environment

Correct answer: The organizational scheme imposed on the living world by researchers and philosophers

The first paragraph explicitly states that "The world can be classified in different ways, depending on one's interests and principles of classification. The classifications (also known as taxonomies) in turn determine which comparisons seem natural or unnatural, which literal or analogical." This directly indicates that the way we categorize or organize living creatures dictates how we perceive comparisons between them.

Question 16: What is the area of a triangle with base 10 and height 6?

• 15
• 60
• 30 (Correct answer)
• 16

Correct answer: 30

Area of a triangle = ½ × base × height = ½ × 10 × 6 = 30 square units.

Question 17: What economic concept describes the cost of the next-best alternative given up when making a choice?

• Inflation
• Opportunity cost (Correct answer)
• Supply
• Marginal benefit

Correct answer: Opportunity cost

Opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative forgone.

Question 18: What does the prefix 'mis-' mean in the word 'misinterpret'?

• before
• again
• against
• wrongly (Correct answer)

Correct answer: wrongly

The prefix 'mis-' means wrongly or incorrectly, so 'misinterpret' means to interpret incorrectly.

Question 19: What is the term for a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined?

• Mixture
• Solution
• Compound (Correct answer)
• Isotope

Correct answer: Compound

A compound forms when elements bond chemically in a fixed ratio.

Question 20: What is photosynthesis?

• The process of breaking down food
• The process by which animals breathe
• The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose) (Correct answer)
• The process of cell division

Correct answer: The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)

Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.

Question 21: What is the function of a concluding paragraph?

• List sources
• Start a new topic
• Summarize and reinforce the main point (Correct answer)
• Introduce new arguments

Correct answer: Summarize and reinforce the main point

A conclusion restates the thesis and ties together main ideas.

Question 22: What type of rock is formed from cooled magma or lava?

• Metamorphic
• Fossil
• Igneous (Correct answer)
• Sedimentary

Correct answer: Igneous

Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma underground or lava on the surface) cools and solidifies. Examples include granite and basalt.

Question 23: The day and night cycle on Earth is caused by which motion?

• Earth's revolution around the Sun
• The Moon's orbit
• Earth's rotation on its axis (Correct answer)
• Tilt of the axis

Correct answer: Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth's rotation on its axis once every 24 hours causes day and night.

Question 24: Which sentence uses context clues to suggest the meaning of 'arid'?

• The arid desert received less than two inches of rain per year. (Correct answer)
• The arid lake was full of fish.
• The arid forest was thick with trees.
• The arid mountain was covered in snow.

Correct answer: The arid desert received less than two inches of rain per year.

The phrase 'less than two inches of rain per year' provides context that 'arid' means extremely dry.

Question 25: The Industrial Revolution primarily involved a shift from what to what?

• Farming to hunting
• Cities to villages
• Trade to subsistence
• Hand production to machine manufacturing (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Hand production to machine manufacturing

It marked the move from manual labor to mechanized factory production.

Question 26: Which word best completes this sentence: 'After the argument, the two friends reached a _____ and shook hands.'

• debate
• rivalry
• conflict
• compromise (Correct answer)

Correct answer: compromise

A 'compromise' is an agreement reached by each side making concessions, fitting the context of resolving an argument.

Question 27: Read the following passage and answer the question: Cities across the world are essentially blends of smaller cultural environments that lead people to have vastly different experiences. Each city typically contains a broad spectrum of dining establishments along with various art institutions like museums and theatres. Yet with all these blends of dining, art and night lives, what is the one characteristic that can distinguish a city? History. The undeniably unique history of each city provides rich traditions and a bond between the local people that overshadows any other city’s mélange of dining and art institutions. In context, which word most closely defines mélange?

• tradition
• assortment (Correct answer)
• brochure
• frivolous
• opportunity

Correct answer: assortment

The passage describes cities as "blends of smaller cultural environments" and mentions "a broad spectrum of dining establishments along with various art institutions." The word "mélange" is used in the context of "any other city’s mélange of dining and art institutions," directly referring to this mix or collection of different elements. Therefore, "assortment" accurately captures the meaning of a varied mixture or collection.

Question 28: What does the word 'context' refer to in reading comprehension?

• The page number
• The book's price
• The surrounding text that clarifies meaning (Correct answer)
• The author's age

Correct answer: The surrounding text that clarifies meaning

Context is the surrounding text that helps clarify the meaning of a word or idea.

Question 29: Read the following passage and answer the question: In this passage a Mexican American historian describes a technique she used as part of her research. Doña Teodora offered me yet another cup of strong, black coffee. The aroma of the big, paper-thin Sonoran tortillas filled the small, linoleum-covered kitchen, and I Line knew that with the coffee I would receive a buttered tortilla 5 straight from the round, homemade comal (a flat, earthen- ware cooking pan) balanced on the gas-burning stove. For three days, from ten in the morning until early evening, I had been sitting in the same comfortable wooden chair, taking cup after cup of black coffee and consuming hot 10 tortillas. Doña Teodora was ninety years old, and although she would take occasional breaks from patting, extending, and turning over tortillas to let her cat in or out, it appeared that I was the only one exhausted at the end of the day. But once out, as I went over the notes, filed and organized the 15 tape cassettes, exhilaration would set in. The intellectual and emotional excitement I had previously experienced when a pertinent document would suddenly appear now waned in comparison to the gestures and words, the joy and anger doña Teodora offered. 20 She had not written down her thoughts; but the ideas, recollections, and images evoked by her lively oral expres- sion were jewels for anyone who wanted to know about the life of Mexicanas * in booming mining towns on both sides of the Mexico-United States border in the early twentieth 25 century. She never kept a diary. The thought of writing a memoir would have been put aside as presumptuous. But all her life doña Teodora had lived amidst the telling and retelling of family stories. Genealogies of her own family as well as complete and up-to-date information of the 30 marriages, births, and deaths of numerous families that made up her community were all well-kept memories. These chains of generations were fleshed out with recollec- tions of the many events and tribulations of these families. Oral history had proven to be a fertile field for my research 35 on the history of Mexicanas. My search had begun in libraries and archives—reposi- tories of conventional history. The available sources were to be found in census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information. These, however, as 40 important as they are, cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience that defies quantification and classification. In certain social groups this gap can be filled with diaries, memoirs, letters, or even reports from others. In the case of 45 Mexicanas in the United States, one of the many devastating consequences of defeat and conquest has been that the traditional institutions that preserve and transfer culture (the documentation of the past) have ignored these personal written sources. The letters, writings, and documents of 50 Mexican people have rarely, if ever, been included in archives, special collections, or libraries. At best, some centers have attempted to collect newspapers published by Mexicans, but the effort was started late. The historian who tries to reconstruct the past from newspapers is constantly 55 frustrated because, although titles abound, collections are scarce and often incomplete. Although many hours of previous study and preparation had taken me to doña Teodora's kitchen, I was initially unsure of my place. Was I really an insider or were the 60 experiences that had made the lives of my interviewees such that, although I could speak Spanish and am Mexicana, I was still an outsider? I realized, nonetheless, that the richness and depth of the spoken word challenges the comforting theories and models 65 of the social sciences. Mexican history challenges social- science models derived solely from victorious imperialistic experiences. Our history cannot be written without new sources. These sources will determine which concepts are needed to 70 illuminate and interpret the past, and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves. This will permit the description of events and structures to assume a culturally relevant perspective, thus emphasizing the point of view of the Mexican people. The use of theoretical constructs must 75 follow the voices of the people who live the reality, con- sciously or not. For too long the experiences of women have been studied according to male-oriented sources and constructs. These must be questioned. For the history of Mexican people, the sources primarily exist in our own 80 worlds. And it is here where we must begin. I often found that as the memory awakened, other sources would emerge. Boxes of letters, photographs, and even manuscripts and diaries would appear. Long-standing assumptions of illiteracy were shattered and had to be reexamined. I saw 85 that constant reevaluation became the rule rather than the exception. I entered women's worlds created on the margin —not only of Anglo life, but of, and outside of, the lives of their own fathers, husbands, sons, brothers, or priests, bosses, and bureaucrats. In line 59, "place" most nearly means

• home
• geographical location
• duty
• appropriate moment
• role (Correct answer)

Correct answer: role

The author questions "my place" immediately followed by "Was I really an insider or... I was still an outsider?". This phrasing indicates a concern about her position or function within the research dynamic, specifically whether she belonged or was accepted. Therefore, "role" accurately captures this sense of her position or function in relation to her interviewees and the research.

Question 30: What does the suffix '-ology' mean in words like 'biology' and 'psychology'?

• the practice of
• the study of (Correct answer)
• the result of
• the opposite of

Correct answer: the study of

The suffix '-ology' comes from Greek and means 'the study of,' so biology is the study of life.

Question 31: What is the climax of a story?

• The introduction of characters
• The list of settings
• The turning point of highest tension (Correct answer)
• The author's biography

Correct answer: The turning point of highest tension

The climax is the moment of greatest tension or the turning point in the plot.

Question 32: Read the passage and answer question <9>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• your
• the back’s (Correct answer)
• NO CHANGE
• the pillow’s

Correct answer: the back’s

The pronoun 'its' in the original sentence is ambiguous because it could potentially refer to 'pillow,' 'knees,' or 'back.' To ensure clarity and specify that the natural curve belongs to the back, option B, 'the back’s,' is the most precise and unambiguous choice. This revision clearly indicates that the pillow supports the natural curve of the back.

Question 33: Which document begins with the phrase 'We the People of the United States'?

• The Articles of Confederation
• The U.S. Constitution (Correct answer)
• The Declaration of Independence
• The Bill of Rights

Correct answer: The U.S. Constitution

The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution opens with 'We the People.'

Question 34: Which choice best combines: 'The movie was long. It was boring.'?

• The movie was long; and boring.
• The movie was long boring.
• The movie was long and boring. (Correct answer)
• The movie was long, it was boring.

Correct answer: The movie was long and boring.

Combining with 'and' creates a smooth, concise sentence.

Question 35: Read the following passage and answer the question: Passage 1 Because it is filled with contradictions, performance is also filled with risk. This is the domain of stage fright. The actor is aware that appearing in front of an audience is a Line scary proposition. Maintaining the reality of the character is, 5 in itself, a fragile affair; it demands of the actor a series of complex transformations. The actor has the unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time. The actor’s conscious fear is not about making a mistake, but about allowing the audience to see something that it is not supposed to see: 10 namely, the performer’s fear, or stage fright. Passage 2 The term “stage fright” has largely dropped out of use, because we know now that dwelling on something this malevolent gives it power. If I tell you not to be afraid, you may dwell on your fear. If I say, do not think of 15 fast-food burgers under any circumstances, a line of them will parade through your mind. The key to most fears is substitution. On the simplest level, you replace the ogre with something less menacing to fill your consciousness. If you will imagine yourself to be a 20 host rather than an actor, and think more about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts, everything will fall into place. Which of the following describes an actor coping with stage fright by following the advice of the author of Passage 2?

• A performer who follows the same rituals before every performance
• A performer who thinks of the audience as friends (Correct answer)
• A performer who tries to keep the audience amused
• A performer who blocks out thoughts of the audience
• A performer who tries to impress the audience

Correct answer: A performer who thinks of the audience as friends

Passage 2 advises replacing the "ogre" (the intimidating audience) with "something less menacing" and suggests imagining oneself as a "host" who thinks "about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts." Thinking of the audience as friends aligns perfectly with this advice, as it transforms the perceived threat into a supportive, less intimidating group, thereby substituting the fear with a more comforting perspective.

Question 36: Read the following passage and answer the question: In this passage a Mexican American historian describes a technique she used as part of her research. Doña Teodora offered me yet another cup of strong, black coffee. The aroma of the big, paper-thin Sonoran tortillas filled the small, linoleum-covered kitchen, and I Line knew that with the coffee I would receive a buttered tortilla 5 straight from the round, homemade comal (a flat, earthen- ware cooking pan) balanced on the gas-burning stove. For three days, from ten in the morning until early evening, I had been sitting in the same comfortable wooden chair, taking cup after cup of black coffee and consuming hot 10 tortillas. Doña Teodora was ninety years old, and although she would take occasional breaks from patting, extending, and turning over tortillas to let her cat in or out, it appeared that I was the only one exhausted at the end of the day. But once out, as I went over the notes, filed and organized the 15 tape cassettes, exhilaration would set in. The intellectual and emotional excitement I had previously experienced when a pertinent document would suddenly appear now waned in comparison to the gestures and words, the joy and anger doña Teodora offered. 20 She had not written down her thoughts; but the ideas, recollections, and images evoked by her lively oral expres- sion were jewels for anyone who wanted to know about the life of Mexicanas * in booming mining towns on both sides of the Mexico-United States border in the early twentieth 25 century. She never kept a diary. The thought of writing a memoir would have been put aside as presumptuous. But all her life doña Teodora had lived amidst the telling and retelling of family stories. Genealogies of her own family as well as complete and up-to-date information of the 30 marriages, births, and deaths of numerous families that made up her community were all well-kept memories. These chains of generations were fleshed out with recollec- tions of the many events and tribulations of these families. Oral history had proven to be a fertile field for my research 35 on the history of Mexicanas. My search had begun in libraries and archives—reposi- tories of conventional history. The available sources were to be found in census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information. These, however, as 40 important as they are, cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience that defies quantification and classification. In certain social groups this gap can be filled with diaries, memoirs, letters, or even reports from others. In the case of 45 Mexicanas in the United States, one of the many devastating consequences of defeat and conquest has been that the traditional institutions that preserve and transfer culture (the documentation of the past) have ignored these personal written sources. The letters, writings, and documents of 50 Mexican people have rarely, if ever, been included in archives, special collections, or libraries. At best, some centers have attempted to collect newspapers published by Mexicans, but the effort was started late. The historian who tries to reconstruct the past from newspapers is constantly 55 frustrated because, although titles abound, collections are scarce and often incomplete. Although many hours of previous study and preparation had taken me to doña Teodora's kitchen, I was initially unsure of my place. Was I really an insider or were the 60 experiences that had made the lives of my interviewees such that, although I could speak Spanish and am Mexicana, I was still an outsider? I realized, nonetheless, that the richness and depth of the spoken word challenges the comforting theories and models 65 of the social sciences. Mexican history challenges social- science models derived solely from victorious imperialistic experiences. Our history cannot be written without new sources. These sources will determine which concepts are needed to 70 illuminate and interpret the past, and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves. This will permit the description of events and structures to assume a culturally relevant perspective, thus emphasizing the point of view of the Mexican people. The use of theoretical constructs must 75 follow the voices of the people who live the reality, con- sciously or not. For too long the experiences of women have been studied according to male-oriented sources and constructs. These must be questioned. For the history of Mexican people, the sources primarily exist in our own 80 worlds. And it is here where we must begin. I often found that as the memory awakened, other sources would emerge. Boxes of letters, photographs, and even manuscripts and diaries would appear. Long-standing assumptions of illiteracy were shattered and had to be reexamined. I saw 85 that constant reevaluation became the rule rather than the exception. I entered women's worlds created on the margin —not only of Anglo life, but of, and outside of, the lives of their own fathers, husbands, sons, brothers, or priests, bosses, and bureaucrats. In what sense are "census reports, church records, directories" (line 38) inadequate?

• They are not of sufficient accuracy to be of use to historians.
• They do not tell the human side of the story. (Correct answer)
• They place too great a reliance on political factors.
• They are often too difficult to obtain.
• They blur the distinction between the political and the religious realm.

Correct answer: They do not tell the human side of the story.

The passage explicitly states that while 'census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information' are important, they 'cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience that defies quantification and classification.' This indicates their inadequacy lies in their inability to capture the personal, qualitative, and subjective aspects of people's lives, which is precisely 'the human side of the story.'

Question 37: Which of the following is an example of a primary source?

• An encyclopedia article
• A book review
• A diary written by a soldier during the war (Correct answer)
• A textbook summary of a war

Correct answer: A diary written by a soldier during the war

A primary source is a firsthand account, such as a diary from the actual event.

Question 38: Read the following passage and answer the question: Greek mythology is a vehicle that uses mythological characters and creatures to teach people about the dangers, beauties and possible outcomes of life. In many myths, characters face moral dilemmas involving honor and practicality. The protagonists of epics face creatures that represent values and challenges such as respect, temptation and redemption. How has Greek mythology inevitably evolved with time and new story tellers? Scholars that have interpreted Greek mythology seek to maintain the universal values conveyed in these stories, while ensuring the validity of adapting these stories to their own distinct cultures. It is up to each reader to seek their own truths and learn from epic Greek mythology as best they can. Which word best describes the author’s account of Greek mythology?

• pessimistic
• dubious
• mysterious
• critical
• idealistic (Correct answer)

Correct answer: idealistic

The author presents Greek mythology in a highly positive and optimistic light, emphasizing its role in teaching 'universal values,' 'dangers, beauties and possible outcomes of life,' and promoting personal growth through 'seeking their own truths.' There is no hint of skepticism, negativity, or critical analysis. This consistently positive portrayal, focusing on the inherent good and wisdom within the myths, best aligns with an 'idealistic' description.

Question 39: What is the pH of a neutral solution?

• 7 (Correct answer)
• 14
• 0
• 10

Correct answer: 7

A pH of 7 is neutral, meaning the solution is neither acidic nor basic. Values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic/alkaline.

Question 40: The ancient civilization that built pyramids along the Nile River was located in which region?

• Rome
• Egypt (Correct answer)
• Greece
• Mesopotamia

Correct answer: Egypt

Ancient Egypt developed along the Nile and built the pyramids.

Question 41: What was the significance of the Industrial Revolution?

• It happened in the 20th century
• It only affected England
• It ended all wars
• It transformed economies from agricultural to manufacturing, changing work, transportation, and society (Correct answer)

Correct answer: It transformed economies from agricultural to manufacturing, changing work, transportation, and society

The Industrial Revolution (late 18th-19th century) fundamentally transformed society from agrarian to industrial, introducing factory systems, urbanization, and new technologies.

Question 42: When two objects rub together, which force opposes their motion?

• Tension
• Gravity
• Friction (Correct answer)
• Magnetism

Correct answer: Friction

Friction is the force that resists motion between two surfaces in contact.

Question 43: What is the function of a topic sentence in a paragraph?

• To state the main idea of that paragraph (Correct answer)
• To introduce a new character
• To list the references
• To conclude the entire essay

Correct answer: To state the main idea of that paragraph

A topic sentence introduces the main idea that the paragraph develops.

Question 44: What is the meaning of the word 'benevolent'?

• well-meaning and kind (Correct answer)
• shy and reserved
• harmful and cruel
• loud and boisterous

Correct answer: well-meaning and kind

'Benevolent' comes from Latin roots meaning 'good will,' describing someone who is kind and generous.

Question 45: Which type of chemical reaction releases energy, often as heat?

• Exothermic (Correct answer)
• Reversible
• Neutral
• Endothermic

Correct answer: Exothermic

Exothermic reactions release energy, usually in the form of heat, to the surroundings.

Question 46: Solve for x: 2x - 7 = 11.

• 2
• 9 (Correct answer)
• 7
• 18

Correct answer: 9

Add 7 to both sides to get 2x = 18, then divide by 2 to get x = 9.

Question 47: What is the slope-intercept form of a linear equation?

• y = mx + b (Correct answer)
• y² = mx
• x = y + m
• ax + by = c

Correct answer: y = mx + b

The slope-intercept form y = mx + b identifies the slope (m) and y-intercept (b) directly, making it easy to graph and analyze linear relationships.

Question 48: What is the mean of the numbers 4, 8, 10, and 14?

• 9 (Correct answer)
• 10
• 12
• 8

Correct answer: 9

Sum is 36, divided by 4 values equals 9.

Question 49: What is a primary source?

• An encyclopedia entry
• The most important book on a topic
• A secondary reference book
• An original document or firsthand account from the time period being studied (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An original document or firsthand account from the time period being studied

Primary sources are original materials from the time being studied, such as diaries, letters, photographs, speeches, and official documents.

Question 50: What is the absolute value of -12?

• 12 (Correct answer)
• -12
• 1/12
• 0

Correct answer: 12

Absolute value is the distance from zero, which is 12.

Question 51: Determine whether the sentence in the open and close parenthesis is correct or whether it needs to be revised.: Most of my favorite movies contain (slapstick humor, however physical comedy is not) the only way to make me laugh.

• slapstick humor, but it is not physical comedy that is
• slapstick humor, but physical comedy is not (Correct answer)
• slapstick humor, however physical comedy is not
• slapstick humor; physical comedy is not
• slapstick humor, and physical comedy is not

Correct answer: slapstick humor, but physical comedy is not

The correct answer is “slapstick humor, but physical comedy is not” (“slapstick humor, however physical comedy is not” is a run-on: “however” is NOT a conjunction. “slapstick humor, and physical comedy is not” and “slapstick humor; physical comedy is not” are missing contrast. “slapstick humor, but it is not physical comedy that is” is not at all concise.)

Question 52: The right of citizens to vote is known as what?

• Sovereignty
• Suffrage (Correct answer)
• Naturalization
• Ratification

Correct answer: Suffrage

Suffrage is the right to vote in political elections.

Question 53: What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

• Waste removal
• Energy production through cellular respiration (Correct answer)
• Cell division
• Protein synthesis

Correct answer: Energy production through cellular respiration

Mitochondria are often called the 'powerhouse of the cell' because they produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration.

Question 54: Read the following passage and answer the question: But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink. The main point from the author's view is that

• Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation. (Correct answer)
• Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in terms of nuclear weapons.
• Man's soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers.
• Man's destiny is not fully clear or visible.
• Man's soul and spirit are immortal.

Correct answer: Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation.

The passage opens with "But man is not destined to vanish" and concludes by highlighting that superpowers, despite creating deadly weapons, are "desperately trying to find out how they might never be used." This central argument emphasizes humanity's inherent resilience and the underlying efforts to prevent total destruction, ultimately conveying a message of survival despite grave threats.

Question 55: Earth's seasons are primarily caused by what?

• The tilt of Earth's axis (Correct answer)
• The distance from the Moon
• Daily rotation
• Changes in the Sun's heat output

Correct answer: The tilt of Earth's axis

The tilt of Earth's axis causes different parts to receive more direct sunlight during the year.

Question 56: When an author uses a flashback, what are they doing?

• Describing the setting only
• Interrupting the narrative to show an earlier event (Correct answer)
• Predicting the future
• Ending the story abruptly

Correct answer: Interrupting the narrative to show an earlier event

A flashback interrupts the present timeline to depict an event from the past.

Question 57: Read the following passage and answer the question: Technology is rapidly expanding the scope of capabilities for both professional and personal use; such is the case with smart phones. Professionals now have devices available to them capable of digital media, internet access, phone communication, multi-person scheduling and office tools for documents and presentations. Businesspeople that are often mobile may maximize the use of these critical features on smart phones. Individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices often use these devices for frivolous pursuits such as downloading catchy ring tones, instant messaging about the latest gossip and looking up the world record for most cans crushed on one’s head during the Superbowl. This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices could be a sign of a growing blend in society between work and personal life, or individuals could simply be taking a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives. The term “frivolous” implies that the author

• hopes that technology ceases to expand its scope.
• has a smart phone.
• wants to see more developments added to smart phone technology.
• is fascinated by the endless capabilities on smart phones.
• believes that the average individual does not need a smart phone. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: believes that the average individual does not need a smart phone.

The author contrasts the "critical features" used by "professionals" with the "frivolous pursuits" of "individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices." By labeling activities like downloading ringtones or looking up obscure world records as "frivolous," the author implies that these uses are trivial and not essential, suggesting that for such purposes, a smartphone is not a necessity for the average individual.

Question 58: What does the pH scale measure in a solution?

• Conductivity
• Density
• Acidity or basicity (Correct answer)
• Temperature

Correct answer: Acidity or basicity

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, from 0 to 14.

Question 59: Energy stored in an object due to its position or height is called what?

• Kinetic energy
• Sound energy
• Potential energy (Correct answer)
• Thermal energy

Correct answer: Potential energy

Potential energy is stored energy based on an object's position, such as height.

Question 60: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures what?

• The total value of goods and services produced (Correct answer)
• The number of voters
• Average rainfall
• A nation's population

Correct answer: The total value of goods and services produced

GDP is the total market value of goods and services a country produces.

Question 61: A bag has 4 red and 6 blue marbles. What is the probability of drawing a red marble?

• 1/2
• 3/5
• 2/5 (Correct answer)
• 1/4

Correct answer: 2/5

There are 4 red out of 10 total marbles, so 4/10 = 2/5.

Question 62: What is the tone of a passage that uses words like 'gloomy,' 'desolate,' and 'hopeless'?

• Somber (Correct answer)
• Joyful
• Humorous
• Excited

Correct answer: Somber

Words like gloomy and hopeless create a somber, melancholy tone.

Question 63: Which of the following is equivalent to 0.75?

• 2/3
• 7/10
• 3/4 (Correct answer)
• 3/5

Correct answer: 3/4

0.75 equals 75/100, which reduces to 3/4.

Question 64: The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s primarily sought to end what?

• Immigration
• Taxation
• Racial segregation and discrimination (Correct answer)
• Military service

Correct answer: Racial segregation and discrimination

It fought to end legal racial segregation and secure equal rights.

Question 65: What is the value of the expression 18 ÷ (3 + 6) × 2?

• 36
• 1
• 12
• 4 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 4

Parentheses first: 3 + 6 = 9, then 18 ÷ 9 × 2 = 2 × 2 = 4.

Question 66: Which is the best word choice for formal writing?

• folks
• children (Correct answer)
• guys
• kids

Correct answer: children

'Children' is the most formal and precise choice.

Question 67: Read the passage and answer question <3>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• people such as us are born
• NO CHANGE
• are born (Correct answer)
• of us are born

Correct answer: are born

The phrase 'like us' is informal and unnecessary in this informative passage, which aims for a more formal and objective tone. Removing 'like us' (as in option B) makes the sentence more concise and appropriate for the passage's style without losing any essential meaning. The focus is on the fact that *some people* are born with defects, not on the author's personal relation to this fact.

Question 68: What is the author's purpose when writing to persuade?

• To tell a story
• To convince the reader to accept a viewpoint or take action (Correct answer)
• To explain a process
• To describe a scene

Correct answer: To convince the reader to accept a viewpoint or take action

Persuasive writing aims to influence the reader's beliefs, attitudes, or actions through arguments, evidence, and rhetorical techniques.

Question 69: In a chemical equation, the substances present before the reaction occurs are called the what?

• Solvents
• Products
• Catalysts
• Reactants (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Reactants

Reactants are the starting substances that are transformed into products.

Question 70: Which sentence correctly uses 'fewer' and 'less'?

• I have fewer books than you. (Correct answer)
• I have less books than you.
• I have fewer water than you.
• I have less books and fewer time.

Correct answer: I have fewer books than you.

'Fewer' is used for countable nouns like books.

Question 71: An author writes, 'Studies show 80% of users improved.' This statement is best described as:

• An emotional appeal
• A rhetorical question
• A metaphor
• Evidence supporting a claim (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Evidence supporting a claim

A cited statistic from studies serves as evidence to support a claim.

Question 72: A peninsula is best defined as what?

• A flat highland
• Land bordered by water on most sides (Correct answer)
• A ring of coral
• Land surrounded by water on all sides

Correct answer: Land bordered by water on most sides

A peninsula is a body of land nearly surrounded by water but connected to a mainland.

Question 73: What gas do plants take in from the air during photosynthesis?

• Hydrogen
• Carbon dioxide (Correct answer)
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen

Correct answer: Carbon dioxide

Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.

Question 74: In a persuasive essay, which element is the author most likely trying to influence?

• The publication date
• The font style
• The reader's opinion or actions (Correct answer)
• The page count

Correct answer: The reader's opinion or actions

Persuasive writing aims to change the reader's beliefs or prompt action.

Question 75: Determine whether the sentence in the open and close parenthesis is correct or whether it needs to be revised. Firefighters and police officers risk their lives often by stepping into the way of danger physically; (therefore,) professionals such as doctors and lawyers have an equally significant impact on individuals’ lives medically and legally.

• but
• nevertheless (Correct answer)
• and
• therefore
• as a result

Correct answer: nevertheless

The first clause (everything before the semi colon) definitely does not cause what is explained in the second clause (everything after the semi colon), so “therefore” is an inappropriate transition. This sentence is presenting contrasting professions (firefighter/police officer and doctor/lawyer) since two are viewed as blue-collar (working class) and the others are white-collar (professional); therefore, a contrasting conjunction is needed. Choice (“therefore”), choice (“as a result”) and choice (“and”) do not present contrasting conjunctions. In this sentence “but” is not your best option for a conjunction. A semi-colon is used, so the three simple conjunctions (and/but/yet/etc.) are not as appropriate as the complex conjunctions (therefore/however/nevertheless/etc.). If just a comma was used, then “but” would have been appropriate (i.e. “...into the way of danger physically, but professionals such as doctors...”). So now it’s down to “nevertheless.” Choice “nevertheless” is your best answer.

Question 76: Which word is closest in meaning to 'ambiguous'?

• obvious
• certain
• unclear (Correct answer)
• brief

Correct answer: unclear

'Ambiguous' means open to more than one interpretation, making 'unclear' the closest synonym.

Question 77: What does the phrase 'reading between the lines' refer to?

• Skipping the conclusion
• Understanding implied meaning not directly stated (Correct answer)
• Reading aloud
• Reading every other line

Correct answer: Understanding implied meaning not directly stated

It means grasping meaning that is implied rather than explicitly written.

Question 78: If a right triangle has legs of 3 and 4, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

• 12
• 5 (Correct answer)
• 6
• 7

Correct answer: 5

By the Pythagorean theorem, sqrt(3^2 + 4^2) = sqrt(25) = 5.

Question 79: What does the word 'excerpt' mean?

• a written summary
• a full-length novel
• a short passage taken from a longer work (Correct answer)
• a type of formal essay

Correct answer: a short passage taken from a longer work

An 'excerpt' is a selected passage or quotation taken from a book, film, or other longer piece.

Question 80: Which transition word shows a cause-and-effect relationship?

• However
• Therefore (Correct answer)
• Meanwhile
• Furthermore

Correct answer: Therefore

'Therefore' indicates that what follows is a result or consequence of what came before, establishing a clear cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 81: Read the following passage and answer the question: Passage 1 Because it is filled with contradictions, performance is also filled with risk. This is the domain of stage fright. The actor is aware that appearing in front of an audience is a Line scary proposition. Maintaining the reality of the character is, 5 in itself, a fragile affair; it demands of the actor a series of complex transformations. The actor has the unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time. The actor’s conscious fear is not about making a mistake, but about allowing the audience to see something that it is not supposed to see: 10 namely, the performer’s fear, or stage fright. Passage 2 The term “stage fright” has largely dropped out of use, because we know now that dwelling on something this malevolent gives it power. If I tell you not to be afraid, you may dwell on your fear. If I say, do not think of 15 fast-food burgers under any circumstances, a line of them will parade through your mind. The key to most fears is substitution. On the simplest level, you replace the ogre with something less menacing to fill your consciousness. If you will imagine yourself to be a 20 host rather than an actor, and think more about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts, everything will fall into place. What is the best way to describe the purposes of the two passages?

• Both passages explain a pattern by questioning previous theories.
• Passage 1 traces the consequences of an incident; Passage 2 narrates a process.
• Both passages present well-known examples to challenge a misconception.
• Passage 1 analyzes a phenomenon; Passage 2 suggests a solution to a problem. (Correct answer)
• Passage 1 interprets a series of examples; Passage 2 gives a typical case.

Correct answer: Passage 1 analyzes a phenomenon; Passage 2 suggests a solution to a problem.

Passage 1 delves into the nature of stage fright, explaining its inherent contradictions and the specific fears actors experience, thus analyzing the phenomenon. Passage 2, on the other hand, dismisses the term "stage fright" and offers a concrete strategy—substitution, like imagining oneself as a host—to overcome this fear, thereby suggesting a solution to the problem.

Question 82: What does the word 'obsolete' mean?

• extremely popular
• difficult to find
• brand new
• no longer in use (Correct answer)

Correct answer: no longer in use

'Obsolete' describes something that is outdated and no longer used or needed.

Question 83: What is the Bill of Rights?

• The preamble to the Constitution
• A list of federal taxes
• The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution (Correct answer)
• The Declaration of Independence

Correct answer: The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms.

Question 84: In economics, what does 'scarcity' refer to?

• Excess production
• Equal distribution
• Limited resources relative to wants (Correct answer)
• Unlimited resources

Correct answer: Limited resources relative to wants

Scarcity is the gap between limited resources and unlimited wants.

Question 85: A graphic showing data over years is best used to support which kind of claim?

• A claim about a character's feelings
• A claim about word definitions
• A claim about grammar rules
• A claim about a trend or change over time (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A claim about a trend or change over time

Data across years best illustrates trends or changes over time.

Question 86: Which transition word shows contrast?

• Furthermore
• However (Correct answer)
• Therefore
• Likewise

Correct answer: However

'However' signals a contrast between ideas.

Question 87: What is the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all life processes?

• Cell (Correct answer)
• Organ
• Tissue
• Atom

Correct answer: Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

Question 88: A recipe needs 2 cups of flour for 12 cookies. How much flour is needed for 30 cookies?

• 3 cups
• 5 cups (Correct answer)
• 4 cups
• 6 cups

Correct answer: 5 cups

Set up a proportion: 2/12 = x/30, so x = 5 cups.

Question 89: What is 40% of 250?

• 80
• 100 (Correct answer)
• 125
• 110

Correct answer: 100

0.40 × 250 = 100.

Question 90: Which of Newton's laws states that an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force?

• Second law (F=ma)
• Law of gravity
• First law (inertia) (Correct answer)
• Third law (action-reaction)

Correct answer: First law (inertia)

Newton's first law, the law of inertia, describes objects resisting changes in motion.

Question 91: Which sentence has correct subject-verb agreement?

• The team are winning.
• Neither of them were here.
• The list of items are long.
• Each of the students is ready. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Each of the students is ready.

'Each' is singular and takes the singular verb 'is.'

Question 92: Which organelle is responsible for converting glucose into usable energy (ATP) in a cell?

• Mitochondria (Correct answer)
• Nucleus
• Ribosome
• Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: Mitochondria

Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP from glucose and oxygen.

Question 93: During which process do organisms release energy by breaking down food in the presence of oxygen?

• Fermentation
• Photosynthesis
• Digestion only
• Cellular respiration (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration breaks down glucose with oxygen to release energy as ATP.

Question 94: Solve for y: y/4 = 9.

• 2.25
• 13
• 5
• 36 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 36

Multiply both sides by 4 to get y = 36.

Question 95: Read the passage and answer question <7>: J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15>

• more
• NO CHANGE
• many
• most (Correct answer)

Correct answer: most

[3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. “most “ is the correct answer because of qualifiers. “NO CHANGE” and “many” are incorrect because their answers are used with uncountable nouns. “more” is incorrect because the answer is used before a countable noun when comparing to a previous amount.

Question 96: What does 'bias' mean in relation to a text?

• A one-sided perspective that favors a particular viewpoint (Correct answer)
• A type of citation
• A factual error
• A grammatical mistake

Correct answer: A one-sided perspective that favors a particular viewpoint

Bias is a prejudice or inclination that causes an author to present information in a way that favors one side, potentially distorting the objective truth.

Question 97: If x = -2, what is the value of x^2 + 3x?

• 10
• -10
• 4
• -2 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: -2

(-2)^2 + 3(-2) = 4 - 6 = -2.

Question 98: What is 15% of 60?

• 6
• 15
• 12
• 9 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 9

15% of 60 = 0.15 × 60 = 9.

Question 99: What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Force equals mass times acceleration
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) states that objects resist changes in their state of motion unless an external force acts upon them.

Question 100: Read the passage and answer question <14>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• day’s
• daily (Correct answer)
• todays
• NO CHANGE

Correct answer: daily

The word 'day' in the original phrase 'ten minutes of day sunlight' is used incorrectly as an adjective modifying 'sunlight.' To properly describe the frequency or nature of the sunlight, an adjective is needed. Option C, 'daily,' correctly functions as an adjective meaning 'occurring every day' or 'of each day,' making the phrase 'ten minutes of daily sunlight' grammatically correct and clear.

Question 101: A climate that is hot and receives very little rainfall best describes which biome?

• Rainforest
• Desert (Correct answer)
• Tundra
• Grassland

Correct answer: Desert

Deserts are characterized by high heat and low precipitation.

Question 102: Which process describes the continuous movement of water between the ocean, air, and land?

• The water cycle (Correct answer)
• Erosion
• Plate tectonics
• The rock cycle

Correct answer: The water cycle

The water cycle moves water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Question 103: Which sentence demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement?

• The group are students ready.
• The students is ready.
• The group of students is ready. (Correct answer)
• The group of students are ready.

Correct answer: The group of students is ready.

'Group' is the subject (singular), not 'students' (part of the prepositional phrase). A singular subject requires a singular verb: 'is'.

Question 104: Read the passage and answer question <2> : J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15> Which of these sentences would most logically be added to the end of Paragraph 1?

• Rowling is a great example of how successful one can be when they use their time wisely, even when waiting for a train.
• Even though children do not speak Latin or Ancient Greek, it is important that the book be translated into classical languages.
• These numbers show how incredibly successful J. K. Rowling really is!
• Rowling’s international success has made her one of the most prolific writers of all time. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Rowling’s international success has made her one of the most prolific writers of all time.

[1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> Which of these sentences would most logically be added to the end of Paragraph 1? “Rowling’s international success has made her one of the most prolific writers of all time. “is the correct answer because of writing strategy. The author’s purpose in Paragraph 1 is to highlight the success of Rowling’s books. “Even though children do not speak Latin or Ancient Greek, it is important that the book be translated into classical languages. “and “Rowling is a great example of how successful one can be when they use their time wisely, even when waiting for a train.” are incorrect because the answers do not fit with the author’s purpose. “These numbers show how incredibly successful J. K. Rowling really is! “is incorrect because of tone.

Question 105: What is the basic unit of life?

• Cell (Correct answer)
• Atom
• Organ
• Molecule

Correct answer: Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. All life forms are composed of one or more cells.

Question 106: The gradual wearing away of rock and soil by wind or water is called what?

• Crystallization
• Erosion (Correct answer)
• Condensation
• Fusion

Correct answer: Erosion

Erosion is the transport of weathered rock and soil by wind, water, or ice.

Question 107: Which sentence uses the word 'infer' correctly?

• They inferred the book on the shelf.
• She inferred from his frown that he was unhappy. (Correct answer)
• He inferred the instructions clearly.
• She inferred loudly during the speech.

Correct answer: She inferred from his frown that he was unhappy.

'Infer' means to draw a conclusion from evidence, so inferring unhappiness from a frown is correct usage.

Question 108: Which document declared the American colonies' independence from Britain in 1776?

• The Constitution
• The Federalist Papers
• The Declaration of Independence (Correct answer)
• The Magna Carta

Correct answer: The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence announced separation from Britain in 1776.

Question 109: Read the passage and answer question <7>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• NO CHANGE (Correct answer)
• narrow,
• narrow, that
• narrow which

Correct answer: NO CHANGE

The phrase 'which decreases the spines ability to absorb pressure' is a non-restrictive clause, meaning it provides additional, non-essential information about the preceding part of the sentence (the nerves becoming more narrow). Non-restrictive clauses are correctly set off by a comma. The use of 'which' with a preceding comma is grammatically correct for this type of clause, so 'NO CHANGE' is the best option.

Question 110: If a car travels 150 miles in 3 hours, what is its average speed?

• 75 mph
• 45 mph
• 50 mph (Correct answer)
• 60 mph

Correct answer: 50 mph

Speed = distance/time = 150/3 = 50 mph.

Question 111: What is the area of a triangle with base 10 and height 6?

• 16
• 60
• 32
• 30 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 30

Area = (1/2)(base)(height) = (1/2)(10)(6) = 30.

Question 112: Which word correctly describes a statement that contradicts itself?

• paradox (Correct answer)
• metaphor
• analogy
• hyperbole

Correct answer: paradox

A 'paradox' is a statement that seems self-contradictory but may reveal a deeper truth.

Question 113: The Mississippi River flows generally in which direction toward the Gulf of Mexico?

• North
• West
• South (Correct answer)
• East

Correct answer: South

The Mississippi flows southward into the Gulf of Mexico.

Question 114: Which of the following is an example of a fixed cost for a business?

• Raw materials per unit
• Monthly rent for a building (Correct answer)
• Sales commissions
• Hourly wages tied to output

Correct answer: Monthly rent for a building

Rent stays the same regardless of how much is produced, making it a fixed cost.

Question 115: Lines of latitude measure distance in which direction?

• East and west of the prime meridian
• Toward the poles only
• North and south of the equator (Correct answer)
• Around the date line

Correct answer: North and south of the equator

Latitude measures degrees north or south of the equator.

Question 116: The Great Depression of the 1930s was triggered in part by what 1929 event?

• The stock market crash (Correct answer)
• An oil embargo
• A natural disaster
• A major war

Correct answer: The stock market crash

The 1929 stock market crash helped set off the Great Depression.

Question 117: What is the primary purpose of identifying an author's main idea in a passage?

• To understand the central point the author is making (Correct answer)
• To memorize every detail
• To count the paragraphs
• To find spelling errors

Correct answer: To understand the central point the author is making

The main idea captures the central point the author wants the reader to take away.

Question 118: What is the main purpose of an outline before writing?

• To add citations
• To organize ideas logically (Correct answer)
• To count words
• To choose a font

Correct answer: To organize ideas logically

An outline arranges ideas in a logical order before drafting.

Question 119: What is the name for the solid, rocky outermost layer of the Earth?

• Outer core
• Mantle
• Crust (Correct answer)
• Inner core

Correct answer: Crust

The crust is the thin, solid outer layer of the Earth where we live.

Question 120: Read the following passage and answer the question: In this passage a Mexican American historian describes a technique she used as part of her research. Doña Teodora offered me yet another cup of strong, black coffee. The aroma of the big, paper-thin Sonoran tortillas filled the small, linoleum-covered kitchen, and I Line knew that with the coffee I would receive a buttered tortilla 5 straight from the round, homemade comal (a flat, earthen- ware cooking pan) balanced on the gas-burning stove. For three days, from ten in the morning until early evening, I had been sitting in the same comfortable wooden chair, taking cup after cup of black coffee and consuming hot 10 tortillas. Doña Teodora was ninety years old, and although she would take occasional breaks from patting, extending, and turning over tortillas to let her cat in or out, it appeared that I was the only one exhausted at the end of the day. But once out, as I went over the notes, filed and organized the 15 tape cassettes, exhilaration would set in. The intellectual and emotional excitement I had previously experienced when a pertinent document would suddenly appear now waned in comparison to the gestures and words, the joy and anger doña Teodora offered. 20 She had not written down her thoughts; but the ideas, recollections, and images evoked by her lively oral expres- sion were jewels for anyone who wanted to know about the life of Mexicanas * in booming mining towns on both sides of the Mexico-United States border in the early twentieth 25 century. She never kept a diary. The thought of writing a memoir would have been put aside as presumptuous. But all her life doña Teodora had lived amidst the telling and retelling of family stories. Genealogies of her own family as well as complete and up-to-date information of the 30 marriages, births, and deaths of numerous families that made up her community were all well-kept memories. These chains of generations were fleshed out with recollec- tions of the many events and tribulations of these families. Oral history had proven to be a fertile field for my research 35 on the history of Mexicanas. My search had begun in libraries and archives—reposi- tories of conventional history. The available sources were to be found in census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information. These, however, as 40 important as they are, cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience that defies quantification and classification. In certain social groups this gap can be filled with diaries, memoirs, letters, or even reports from others. In the case of 45 Mexicanas in the United States, one of the many devastating consequences of defeat and conquest has been that the traditional institutions that preserve and transfer culture (the documentation of the past) have ignored these personal written sources. The letters, writings, and documents of 50 Mexican people have rarely, if ever, been included in archives, special collections, or libraries. At best, some centers have attempted to collect newspapers published by Mexicans, but the effort was started late. The historian who tries to reconstruct the past from newspapers is constantly 55 frustrated because, although titles abound, collections are scarce and often incomplete. Although many hours of previous study and preparation had taken me to doña Teodora's kitchen, I was initially unsure of my place. Was I really an insider or were the 60 experiences that had made the lives of my interviewees such that, although I could speak Spanish and am Mexicana, I was still an outsider? I realized, nonetheless, that the richness and depth of the spoken word challenges the comforting theories and models 65 of the social sciences. Mexican history challenges social- science models derived solely from victorious imperialistic experiences. Our history cannot be written without new sources. These sources will determine which concepts are needed to 70 illuminate and interpret the past, and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves. This will permit the description of events and structures to assume a culturally relevant perspective, thus emphasizing the point of view of the Mexican people. The use of theoretical constructs must 75 follow the voices of the people who live the reality, con- sciously or not. For too long the experiences of women have been studied according to male-oriented sources and constructs. These must be questioned. For the history of Mexican people, the sources primarily exist in our own 80 worlds. And it is here where we must begin. I often found that as the memory awakened, other sources would emerge. Boxes of letters, photographs, and even manuscripts and diaries would appear. Long-standing assumptions of illiteracy were shattered and had to be reexamined. I saw 85 that constant reevaluation became the rule rather than the exception. I entered women's worlds created on the margin —not only of Anglo life, but of, and outside of, the lives of their own fathers, husbands, sons, brothers, or priests, bosses, and bureaucrats. The author indicates that the "concepts" mentioned in lines 69-70 originate in

• informal records and information provided by ordinary people (Correct answer)
• systematic categories devised by historians for various types of sources
• comments of senior members of a community on the ways the community has functioned
• personal experiences of historians who have interviewed many people
• patterns of social behavior that have been exhibited by previously studied cultures

Correct answer: informal records and information provided by ordinary people

The passage explicitly states that "These sources will determine which concepts are needed... and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves." The author's research method involves listening to Doña Teodora's oral history, which consists of "ideas, recollections, and images evoked by her lively oral expression" and "family stories," rather than formal written records. This directly links the origin of new concepts to the informal accounts and perspectives of ordinary individuals.

Question 121: Which sentence is in the passive voice?

• The dog chased the ball.
• The ball was chased by the dog. (Correct answer)
• The dog will chase the ball.
• The dog runs fast.

Correct answer: The ball was chased by the dog.

Passive voice places the receiver of the action as the subject.

Question 122: What is the role of a conclusion in an essay?

• To list the title
• To introduce new evidence
• To summarize and reinforce the main argument (Correct answer)
• To start a new topic

Correct answer: To summarize and reinforce the main argument

A conclusion wraps up the essay by summarizing and reinforcing the main argument.

Question 123: The word 'chronological' is best defined as:

• arranged by importance
• arranged alphabetically
• arranged by size
• arranged in order of time (Correct answer)

Correct answer: arranged in order of time

'Chronological' comes from the Greek word 'chronos' meaning time, so it means ordered by time.

Question 124: What is the unit used to measure electric current?

• Ohm
• Watt
• Volt
• Ampere (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ampere

Electric current is measured in amperes, often shortened to amps.

Question 125: What does the word 'relevant' mean?

• closely connected to the matter at hand (Correct answer)
• difficult to understand
• extremely important
• unrelated to the topic

Correct answer: closely connected to the matter at hand

'Relevant' means directly related or applicable to the subject being discussed.

Question 126: What is the slope of the line passing through (1, 2) and (3, 8)?

• 4
• 3 (Correct answer)
• 6
• 2

Correct answer: 3

Slope = (8 - 2)/(3 - 1) = 6/2 = 3.

Question 127: What is a thesis statement?

• A question posed to the reader
• A clear statement of the main argument or purpose of the essay (Correct answer)
• The conclusion of the essay
• The first sentence of any essay

Correct answer: A clear statement of the main argument or purpose of the essay

A thesis statement presents the central argument or claim that the essay will support with evidence and reasoning, typically appearing in the introduction.

Question 128: Convert 5/8 to a decimal.

• 0.58
• 0.8
• 0.875
• 0.625 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 0.625

5 divided by 8 equals 0.625.

Question 129: What is supply and demand in economics?

• A type of currency
• A government regulation
• The relationship between the availability of a product and the desire for it, which determines price (Correct answer)
• A type of business

Correct answer: The relationship between the availability of a product and the desire for it, which determines price

Supply and demand is the fundamental economic model where price is determined by the relationship between how much of something is available (supply) and how much people want it (demand).

Question 130: The system in which power is divided between national and state governments is called what?

• Monarchy
• Federalism (Correct answer)
• Theocracy
• Anarchy

Correct answer: Federalism

Federalism divides power between national and state levels.

Question 131: Which word is a coordinating conjunction?

• While
• Because
• Although
• But (Correct answer)

Correct answer: But

'But' is a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) joining equal clauses.

Question 132: The passage below will be used for 15 questions. Read the passage and answer question <1>: DIRECTIONS: In the passage below, certain phrases are underlined and numbered <x>. The question will present alternatives for the underlined part. In most cases. you are to choose the one that best expresses the idea, makes the statement appropriate for standard written English, or is worded most consistently with the style and tone of the passage as a whole. If you think the original version is the best, choose "NO CHANGE". J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15> The underlined portion <1> most likely means

• Rowling resuscitated a child named Harry Potter who was riding a train
• Rowling created a story about a boy named Harry Potter (Correct answer)
• Rowling was the puppeteer for a marionette called Harry Potter
• Rowling gave birth to a child who she named Harry Potter

Correct answer: Rowling created a story about a boy named Harry Potter

[1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> The underlined portion most likely means “Rowling created a story about a boy named Harry Potter “ is the correct answer because of idioms. Idioms are phrases with meanings that are not apparent based on dictionary definitions. “Rowling gave birth to a child who she named Harry Potter “, “Rowling was the puppeteer for a marionette called Harry Potter “, and “Rowling resuscitated a child named Harry Potter who was riding a train” are incorrect because their answers do not fit with the context.

Question 133: What is the circumference of a circle with radius 7 (use pi ≈ 22/7)?

• 44 (Correct answer)
• 22
• 49
• 14

Correct answer: 44

Circumference = 2(22/7)(7) = 44.

Question 134: Read the passage and answer question <14>: J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15> If the writer wanted to add information about research that compares and contrasts child development between children who are raised in their families homes with children who are raised in institutions, this new material would most logically be placed in

• Paragraph 4, because this would be a strong conclusion to the passage as a whole.
• place of paragraph 4, because this information is irrelevant
• Paragraph 1, because the most important information must be introduced first.
• a separate paragraph, because it would be the only paragraph devoted to a comparison between children raised in homes versus children raised in orphanages. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: a separate paragraph, because it would be the only paragraph devoted to a comparison between children raised in homes versus children raised in orphanages.

If the writer wanted to add information about research that compares and contrasts child development between children who are raised in their families homes with children who are raised in institutions, this new material would most logically be placed in “a separate paragraph, because it would be the only paragraph devoted to a comparison between children raised in homes versus children raised in orphanages.” is the correct answer because of sequence.

Question 135: What is the purpose of a topic sentence?

• To add a transition only
• To state the paragraph's main idea (Correct answer)
• To cite a source
• To conclude the essay

Correct answer: To state the paragraph's main idea

A topic sentence introduces the paragraph's central point.

Question 136: Which sentence avoids a dangling modifier?

• Running late, the door slammed.
• Running late, I missed the bus. (Correct answer)
• Running late, breakfast was skipped.
• Running late, the bus was missed.

Correct answer: Running late, I missed the bus.

The modifier 'running late' correctly describes 'I.'

Question 137: Which word is an antonym of 'diligent'?

• hardworking
• thorough
• careful
• lazy (Correct answer)

Correct answer: lazy

'Diligent' means showing steady, earnest effort, so 'lazy' is its opposite.

Question 138: Which question best helps a reader evaluate a source's credibility?

• What font is used?
• Is the author qualified and the information accurate? (Correct answer)
• Is the title interesting?
• How long is the article?

Correct answer: Is the author qualified and the information accurate?

Credibility depends on the author's qualifications and the accuracy of the information.

Question 139: Which sentence eliminates wordiness best?

• Because it rained, we left. (Correct answer)
• Due to the fact that it rained, we left.
• On account of the rain happening, we left.
• It rained and because of that we left.

Correct answer: Because it rained, we left.

'Because' replaces the wordy phrase 'due to the fact that.'

Question 140: Which group is granted the power to declare war under the U.S. Constitution?

• State governors
• The President
• Congress (Correct answer)
• The Supreme Court

Correct answer: Congress

Congress holds the constitutional power to declare war.

Question 141: Determine whether the sentence in the open and close parenthesis is correct or whether it needs to be revised. : The argument (between Paarin and me about the dent in his car continued) until the early morning.

• between Paarin and I on the dent in his car continued
• between Paarin and I about the dent in his car continued
• between Paarin and me about the dent in his car continued (Correct answer)
• about the dent in his car continued for Paarin and I
• on the dent in his car between Paarin and me continued

Correct answer: between Paarin and me about the dent in his car continued

The correct answer is “between Paarin and me about the dent in his car continued” (“between Paarin and I about the dent in his car continued”, “about the dent in his car continued for Paarin and I”, and “between Paarin and I on the dent in his car continued” all have pronoun case errors: when the pronoun is the object of a preposition like “between,” you need to use the objective case. “on the dent in his car between Paarin and me continued” is awkward, especially in its misused idiom: “argument on.”)

Question 142: The Cold War was primarily a rivalry between the United States and which nation?

• Japan
• Germany
• The Soviet Union (Correct answer)
• China

Correct answer: The Soviet Union

The Cold War was a decades-long standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Question 143: What does the root word 'rupt' mean in 'interrupt,' 'erupt,' and 'disrupt'?

• to speak
• to break (Correct answer)
• to flow
• to build

Correct answer: to break

The Latin root 'rupt' means 'to break,' so all three words involve something being broken or disrupted.

Question 144: What is the median of 3, 7, 9, 12, 20?

• 10
• 9 (Correct answer)
• 12
• 7

Correct answer: 9

With the values in order, the middle value is 9.

Question 145: How many amendments make up the Bill of Rights?

• Twelve
• Ten (Correct answer)
• Five
• Twenty-seven

Correct answer: Ten

The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments.

Question 146: In the sentence 'The politician made an eloquent speech,' what does 'eloquent' mean?

• boring and repetitive
• loud and aggressive
• fluent and persuasive (Correct answer)
• short and confusing

Correct answer: fluent and persuasive

'Eloquent' describes speech that is fluent, forceful, and persuasive.

Question 147: Which war ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919?

• World War II
• World War I (Correct answer)
• The Cold War
• The Civil War

Correct answer: World War I

The Treaty of Versailles formally ended World War I.

Question 148: What is the perimeter of a rectangle that is 8 cm long and 5 cm wide?

• 18 cm
• 13 cm
• 40 cm
• 26 cm (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 26 cm

Perimeter = 2(8 + 5) = 2(13) = 26 cm.

Question 149: Read the following passage and answer the question: In this passage a Mexican American historian describes a technique she used as part of her research. Doña Teodora offered me yet another cup of strong, black coffee. The aroma of the big, paper-thin Sonoran tortillas filled the small, linoleum-covered kitchen, and I Line knew that with the coffee I would receive a buttered tortilla 5 straight from the round, homemade comal (a flat, earthen- ware cooking pan) balanced on the gas-burning stove. For three days, from ten in the morning until early evening, I had been sitting in the same comfortable wooden chair, taking cup after cup of black coffee and consuming hot 10 tortillas. Doña Teodora was ninety years old, and although she would take occasional breaks from patting, extending, and turning over tortillas to let her cat in or out, it appeared that I was the only one exhausted at the end of the day. But once out, as I went over the notes, filed and organized the 15 tape cassettes, exhilaration would set in. The intellectual and emotional excitement I had previously experienced when a pertinent document would suddenly appear now waned in comparison to the gestures and words, the joy and anger doña Teodora offered. 20 She had not written down her thoughts; but the ideas, recollections, and images evoked by her lively oral expres- sion were jewels for anyone who wanted to know about the life of Mexicanas * in booming mining towns on both sides of the Mexico-United States border in the early twentieth 25 century. She never kept a diary. The thought of writing a memoir would have been put aside as presumptuous. But all her life doña Teodora had lived amidst the telling and retelling of family stories. Genealogies of her own family as well as complete and up-to-date information of the 30 marriages, births, and deaths of numerous families that made up her community were all well-kept memories. These chains of generations were fleshed out with recollec- tions of the many events and tribulations of these families. Oral history had proven to be a fertile field for my research 35 on the history of Mexicanas. My search had begun in libraries and archives—reposi- tories of conventional history. The available sources were to be found in census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information. These, however, as 40 important as they are, cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience that defies quantification and classification. In certain social groups this gap can be filled with diaries, memoirs, letters, or even reports from others. In the case of 45 Mexicanas in the United States, one of the many devastating consequences of defeat and conquest has been that the traditional institutions that preserve and transfer culture (the documentation of the past) have ignored these personal written sources. The letters, writings, and documents of 50 Mexican people have rarely, if ever, been included in archives, special collections, or libraries. At best, some centers have attempted to collect newspapers published by Mexicans, but the effort was started late. The historian who tries to reconstruct the past from newspapers is constantly 55 frustrated because, although titles abound, collections are scarce and often incomplete. Although many hours of previous study and preparation had taken me to doña Teodora's kitchen, I was initially unsure of my place. Was I really an insider or were the 60 experiences that had made the lives of my interviewees such that, although I could speak Spanish and am Mexicana, I was still an outsider? I realized, nonetheless, that the richness and depth of the spoken word challenges the comforting theories and models 65 of the social sciences. Mexican history challenges social- science models derived solely from victorious imperialistic experiences. Our history cannot be written without new sources. These sources will determine which concepts are needed to 70 illuminate and interpret the past, and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves. This will permit the description of events and structures to assume a culturally relevant perspective, thus emphasizing the point of view of the Mexican people. The use of theoretical constructs must 75 follow the voices of the people who live the reality, con- sciously or not. For too long the experiences of women have been studied according to male-oriented sources and constructs. These must be questioned. For the history of Mexican people, the sources primarily exist in our own 80 worlds. And it is here where we must begin. I often found that as the memory awakened, other sources would emerge. Boxes of letters, photographs, and even manuscripts and diaries would appear. Long-standing assumptions of illiteracy were shattered and had to be reexamined. I saw 85 that constant reevaluation became the rule rather than the exception. I entered women's worlds created on the margin —not only of Anglo life, but of, and outside of, the lives of their own fathers, husbands, sons, brothers, or priests, bosses, and bureaucrats. Which statement most accurately presents the author's sense of the relationship between the "spoken word" (line 64) and the "theories and models of the social sciences" (lines 64-65)?

• Theories and models must come first in order to make sense of the spoken word.
• The spoken word is more likely to introduce errors into the historical record than are theories and models.
• The spoken word makes general theories and models unnecessary.
• Theories and models cannot account for quantitative data as well as the spoken word can.
• The spoken word can yield greater insight than presently accepted theories and models can. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The spoken word can yield greater insight than presently accepted theories and models can.

The author states that "the richness and depth of the spoken word challenges the comforting theories and models of the social sciences." This implies that oral histories offer a more profound understanding that current academic frameworks might miss or be inadequate to explain. She further argues that new sources, like the spoken word, are necessary to "illuminate and interpret the past" and that "concepts will emerge from the people themselves," indicating a superior insight derived from these direct accounts.

Question 150: Read the passage and answer question <12>: J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15>

• NO CHANGE
• there
• they’re
• their (Correct answer)

Correct answer: their

[3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. “their” is the correct choice because of case and number and they’re, there, and their. “NO CHANGE” is incorrect because children are plural and require a personal pronoun that is plural in number. “they’re” and “there” are incorrect because their answers are inaccurate spellings of “their.”

Question 151: What is the best strategy to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word without a dictionary?

• Skip it entirely
• Guess randomly
• Use context clues from surrounding sentences (Correct answer)
• Count its letters

Correct answer: Use context clues from surrounding sentences

Surrounding context often reveals the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

Question 152: Read the following passage and answer the question: Technology is rapidly expanding the scope of capabilities for both professional and personal use; such is the case with smart phones. Professionals now have devices available to them capable of digital media, internet access, phone communication, multi-person scheduling and office tools for documents and presentations. Businesspeople that are often mobile may maximize the use of these critical features on smart phones. Individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices often use these devices for frivolous pursuits such as downloading catchy ring tones, instant messaging about the latest gossip and looking up the world record for most cans crushed on one’s head during the Superbowl. This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices could be a sign of a growing blend in society between work and personal life, or individuals could simply be taking a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives. What is the purpose of the conclusion sentence?

• Predict how the government will regulate and guide future technology
• Comment on human connectivity through the use of smart phones
• Draw a conclusion about what we know smart phones can do
• Assume where technology is headed and how it will affect society
• Present two possible explanations for the growing popularity of smart phones (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Present two possible explanations for the growing popularity of smart phones

The concluding sentence offers two distinct interpretations for the observed trends: "This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices *could be a sign of* a growing blend in society between work and personal life, *or* individuals *could simply be taking* a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives." The use of "could be a sign of" and "or... could simply be taking" clearly indicates the presentation of two alternative explanations for the phenomenon discussed.

Question 153: In a food chain, organisms that make their own food using sunlight are called what?

• Decomposers
• Predators
• Producers (Correct answer)
• Consumers

Correct answer: Producers

Producers, such as plants, make their own food through photosynthesis.

Question 154: On the periodic table, elements in the same vertical column are called a what?

• Group (Correct answer)
• Series
• Phase
• Period

Correct answer: Group

Elements in the same vertical column form a group and share similar properties.

Question 155: A sentence states, 'The policy was a disaster.' This is an example of:

• An opinion (Correct answer)
• A statistic
• A verifiable fact
• A definition

Correct answer: An opinion

Calling something a 'disaster' is a subjective judgment, making it an opinion.

Question 156: A pie chart showing a country's budget would best be used to display what?

• Cause and effect
• Parts of a whole (Correct answer)
• Change over time
• Geographic location

Correct answer: Parts of a whole

Pie charts illustrate proportions of a total.

Question 157: A number increased by 15 equals 42. What is the number?

• 27 (Correct answer)
• 17
• 57
• 37

Correct answer: 27

Subtract 15 from 42 to get 27.

Question 158: When two passages present different views on the same topic, a reader should:

• Assume both are identical
• Read only the titles
• Ignore one passage
• Compare the claims and evidence of each (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Compare the claims and evidence of each

Analyzing both passages means comparing their claims and supporting evidence.

Question 159: What is the Pythagorean theorem?

• a + b = c
• 2a + 2b = c
• a × b = c²
• a² + b² = c² (Correct answer)

Correct answer: a² + b² = c²

The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Question 160: Simplify: 4(2x + 3).

• 8x + 3
• 6x + 7
• 2x + 12
• 8x + 12 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 8x + 12

Distribute 4 to each term: 4(2x) + 4(3) = 8x + 12.

Question 161: What type of rock forms when molten magma or lava cools and hardens?

• Fossilized
• Igneous (Correct answer)
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic

Correct answer: Igneous

Igneous rock forms from the cooling and solidifying of magma or lava.

Question 162: Read the following passage and answer the question: The following passage is from a discussion of various ways that living creatures have been classified over the years. The world can be classified in different ways, depending on one's interests and principles of clas- sification. The classifications (also known as Line taxonomies) in turn determine which comparisons 5 seem natural or unnatural, which literal or analog- ical. For example, it has been common to classify living creatures into three distinct groups—plants, animals, and humans. According to this classifica- tion, human beings are not a special kind of 10 animal, nor animals a special kind of plant. Thus any comparisons between the three groups are strictly analogical. Reasoning from inheritance in garden peas to inheritance in fruit flies, and from these two species to inheritance in human beings, 15 is sheer poetic metaphor. Another mode of classifying living creatures is commonly attributed to Aristotle. Instead of treat- ing plants, animals, and humans as distinct groups, they are nested. All living creatures 20 possess a vegetative soul that enables them to grow and metabolize. Of these, some also have a sensory soul that enables them to sense their envi- ronments and move. One species also has a rational soul that is capable of true understanding. 25 Thus, human beings are a special sort of animal, and animals are a special sort of plant. Given this classification, reasoning from human beings to all other species with respect to the attributes of the vegetative soul is legitimate, reasoning from 30 human beings to other animals with respect to the attributes of the sensory soul is also legitimate, but reasoning from the rational characteristics of the human species to any other species is merely analogical. According to both classifications, the 35 human species is unique. In the first, it has a king- dom all to itself; in the second, it stands at the pinnacle of the taxonomic hierarchy. Homo sapiens is unique. All species are. But this sort of uniqueness is not enough for many 40 (probably most) people, philosophers included. For some reason, it is very important that the species to which we belong be uniquely unique. It is of utmost importance that the human species be insulated from all other species with respect to 45 how we explain certain qualities. Human beings clearly are capable of developing and learning languages. For some reason, it is very important that the waggle dance performed by bees * not count as a genuine language. I have never been 50 able to understand why. I happen to think that the waggle dance differs from human languages to such a degree that little is gained by terming them both "languages," but even if "language" is so defined that the waggle dance slips in, bees still 55 remain bees. It is equally important to some that no other species use tools. No matter how inge- nious other species get in the manipulation of objects in their environment, it is absolutely essential that nothing they do count as "tool use." 60 I, however, fail to see what difference it makes whether any of these devices such as probes and anvils, etc. are really tools. All the species involved remain distinct biological species no matter what decisions are made. Similar observa- 65 tions hold for rationality and anything a computer might do. If the author had wished to explain why "most" people (line 40) feel the way they do, the explanation would have probably focused on the

• lack of objectivity in the classification of Homo sapiens (Correct answer)
• behavioral similarities between Homo sapiens and other species
• reality of distinct biological species
• role of language in the development of technology

Correct answer: lack of objectivity in the classification of Homo sapiens

The author expresses bewilderment ("I have never been able to understand why," "I, however, fail to see what difference it makes") at people's insistence that humans are "uniquely unique" and must be "insulated from all other species" regarding qualities like language and tool use. This suggests that the author views this insistence as a subjective bias or a desire to maintain human exceptionalism, rather than an objective scientific classification. Therefore, an explanation would likely focus on this lack of objectivity.

Question 163: Which right is protected by the First Amendment?

• Right to a speedy trial
• Right to bear arms
• Protection from unreasonable searches
• Freedom of speech (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Freedom of speech

The First Amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 164: A character who changes significantly over the course of a story is called:

• A dynamic character (Correct answer)
• A setting
• A narrator
• A static character

Correct answer: A dynamic character

A dynamic character undergoes significant internal change during the story.

Question 165: What is the value of 3x + 5 when x = 4?

• 9
• 17 (Correct answer)
• 20
• 12

Correct answer: 17

Substitute 4 for x: 3(4) + 5 = 12 + 5 = 17.

Question 166: What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 36?

• 12 (Correct answer)
• 8
• 4
• 6

Correct answer: 12

The largest factor shared by 24 and 36 is 12.

Question 167: Which of the following words has a negative connotation?

• stubborn (Correct answer)
• determined
• persistent
• dedicated

Correct answer: stubborn

'Stubborn' implies an unwillingness to change that is viewed negatively, unlike 'determined' or 'persistent,' which are positive.

Question 168: What is the next number in the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ...?

• 108
• 216
• 150
• 162 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 162

Each term is multiplied by 3, so 54 × 3 = 162.

Question 169: A reader encounters the word 'benevolent' and the sentence describes a man giving food to the poor. What does 'benevolent' most likely mean?

• Quiet and shy
• Angry and bitter
• Kind and generous (Correct answer)
• Wealthy but greedy

Correct answer: Kind and generous

Context clues about giving to the poor indicate kindness and generosity.

Question 170: The word 'impartial' most nearly means:

• unsure about a decision
• strongly favoring one side
• acting with strong emotion
• treating all sides equally (Correct answer)

Correct answer: treating all sides equally

'Impartial' means not favoring one side over another, which is treating all sides equally and fairly.

Question 171: Read the passage and answer question <5>: J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15>

• Hollows (the final installation) has
• Hollows the final installation, has
• Hollows, the final installation has
• NO CHANGE (Correct answer)

Correct answer: NO CHANGE

[2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> “NO CHANGE “ is the correct answer because of commas. Commas separate modifying elements that establish a qualification. “Hollows, the final installation has” is the incorrect answer because it is missing the second comma. “Hollows the final installation, has” is the incorrect answer because it is missing the first comma. “Hollows (the final installation) has” is the incorrect answer because parentheses are used to enclose nonessential data. This passage includes information about The Harry Potter series, and therefore the fact that the final installation was a successful edition to the entire series is essential.

Question 172: Read the passage and answer question <6>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• was happening
• has been happening
• NO CHANGE
• happens (Correct answer)

Correct answer: happens

The passage describes general facts and conditions related to spine health and problems. The use of the past tense verb 'happened' is incorrect because paralysis is a general consequence that *occurs* or *happens* when the spine is injured, not a single event in the past. To maintain consistency with the present tense used for other general statements in the paragraph, the present tense verb 'happens' is the appropriate choice.

Question 173: Read the following passage and answer the question: Swimming has developed from a primal mode of movement to an advanced hobby and competitive sport. Exercising nearly every muscle group, swimming is a rigorous sport and requires intense training. In competitions swimmers typically contend for the fastest time to complete a certain distance by performing a specific swimming stroke. Also, swimmers work to build endurance and an ability to swim over long distances. Because swimming has developed into a highly intricate competitive sport, where one wrong technique can disqualify a participant, it is interesting to ponder how the sport will evolve for people in the future, either advancing into a progressive purpose or regressing to a primal mode of movement. Which of the following situations would fulfill the author’s prophecy for swimming?

• Animals, including amphibians, begin to swim instinctively upon birth, as a dominant genetic trait.
• Swimming remains a competitive Olympic sport.
• Humans settling on the moon use swimming techniques to move through space. (Correct answer)
• Fish begin swimming at unprecedented speeds and extend the average life span.
• People swim in home and community pools to relax and exercise.

Correct answer: Humans settling on the moon use swimming techniques to move through space.

The author's prophecy for swimming's future involves it either 'advancing into a progressive purpose or regressing to a primal mode of movement.' Option A, 'Humans settling on the moon use swimming techniques to move through space,' represents a significant advancement and adaptation of swimming techniques for a novel, 'progressive purpose' in a new environment. This scenario clearly fulfills the 'advancing into a progressive purpose' aspect of the author's speculation, unlike the other options which describe current uses or unrelated animal behaviors.

Question 174: In a compare-and-contrast structure, the author primarily examines:

• A sequence of events in order
• Similarities and differences between subjects (Correct answer)
• A single cause and its effect
• Only one subject in detail

Correct answer: Similarities and differences between subjects

Compare-and-contrast structure highlights how subjects are alike and different.

Question 175: When water changes from a liquid to a gas, this physical change is called what?

• Freezing
• Evaporation (Correct answer)
• Condensation
• Sublimation

Correct answer: Evaporation

Evaporation is the change from liquid to gas at the surface of a liquid.

Question 176: What was the primary cause of the American Civil War?

• The issue of slavery and states' rights regarding its expansion (Correct answer)
• Religious differences
• Tax disputes
• Foreign invasion

Correct answer: The issue of slavery and states' rights regarding its expansion

While multiple factors contributed, the central issue was slavery — particularly whether it would expand to new territories and states — and the broader question of states' rights.

Question 177: Simplify: 3(2x - 4) + 5x

• 11x - 12 (Correct answer)
• 11x + 12
• 11x - 4
• 6x - 12

Correct answer: 11x - 12

Distribute: 6x - 12 + 5x = 11x - 12.

Question 178: A shirt costs $40 and is marked down 25%. What is the sale price?

• $32
• $35
• $30 (Correct answer)
• $28

Correct answer: $30

25% of $40 is $10, so $40 - $10 = $30.

Question 179: Read the following passage and answer the question: Swimming has developed from a primal mode of movement to an advanced hobby and competitive sport. Exercising nearly every muscle group, swimming is a rigorous sport and requires intense training. In competitions swimmers typically contend for the fastest time to complete a certain distance by performing a specific swimming stroke. Also, swimmers work to build endurance and an ability to swim over long distances. Because swimming has developed into a highly intricate competitive sport, where one wrong technique can disqualify a participant, it is interesting to ponder how the sport will evolve for people in the future, either advancing into a progressive purpose or regressing to a primal mode of movement. The structure of this passage could be best described in what way?

• An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future deviations. (Correct answer)
• A supposition regarding the prospect of an activity, analyzed for viability
• An activity and its purposes are explained.
• An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future implications.
• A hypothesis tested against certain conditions, developed into a larger thesis.

Correct answer: An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future deviations.

The passage begins by broadly describing swimming's evolution from a 'primal mode of movement' to an 'advanced hobby and competitive sport.' It then narrows its focus to the specific purpose of competitive swimming, detailing its rigor and requirements. Finally, the author expands the discussion by speculating on the future evolution of swimming, considering potential 'deviations' such as advancing to a new 'progressive purpose' or 'regressing to a primal mode of movement.' This structure aligns perfectly with describing an activity, narrowing its current specific purpose, and then considering its future potential paths or deviations.

Question 180: The passage below will be used for the next 15 questions. Read the passage and answer question <1>: DIRECTIONS: In the passage below, certain phrases are underlined and numbered <x>. The question will present alternatives for the underlined part. In most cases. you are to choose the one that best expresses the idea, makes the statement appropriate for standard written English, or is worded most consistently with the style and tone of the passage as a whole. If you think the original version is the best, choose "NO CHANGE". The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• The human spine support the weight of the head, protect the body’s organs, and receive
• The human spine supports the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives (Correct answer)
• NO CHANGE
• The human spine supports the weight of the head, protect the body’s organs, and receive

Correct answer: The human spine supports the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives

The original sentence contains a subject-verb agreement error and a lack of parallelism. The singular subject 'The human spine' requires a singular verb form, so 'support' should be 'supports.' Additionally, for proper parallelism in the list of actions ('supports the weight,' 'protects the body’s organs,' 'receives the gravitational pull'), all verbs must be in the same singular third-person form. Option B corrects 'support' to 'supports,' making all verbs agree with the singular subject and maintaining parallel structure.

Question 181: What is the value of 5^2 - 3^2?

• 34
• 16 (Correct answer)
• 4
• 10

Correct answer: 16

25 - 9 = 16.

Question 182: What organizational structure presents events in time order?

• Compare and contrast
• Chronological order (Correct answer)
• Cause and effect
• Problem and solution

Correct answer: Chronological order

Chronological order arranges events in the sequence they occurred, from earliest to latest, commonly used in narratives and historical texts.

Question 183: Read the following passage and answer the question: Disequilibrium at the interface of water and air is a factor on which the transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air depends. The air within about a millimeter of the water is almost saturated with water vapor and the temperature of the air is close to that of the surface water. Irrespective of how small these differences might be, they are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water vapor content. The turbulence, which takes its energy from the wind mixes the air. As the speed of wind increases, so does the turbulence, and consequently the rate of heat and moisture transfer. We can arrive at a detailed understanding of this phenomenon after further study. The transfer of momentum from wind to water, which occurs when waves are formed is an interacting-and complicated phenomenon. When waves are made by the wind, it transfers important amounts of energy-energy, which is consequently not available for the production of turbulence. The wind over the ocean usually does which of the following according to the given passage? I. Leads to cool, dry air coming in proximity with the ocean surface. II. Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air. III. Results in frequent changes in the ocean surface temperature.

• I only (Correct answer)
• II and III only
• II only
• I, II, and III
• I and II only

Correct answer: I only

The passage explicitly states that 'the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water vapor content. The turbulence, which takes its energy from the wind mixes the air.' This directly supports statement I, indicating that wind leads to cooler, drier air near the ocean surface. Statement II is contradicted by the passage, which notes that the rate of transfer *increases* with wind speed, implying variability, not steadiness. Statement III is not supported by the text, as the passage focuses on heat transfer rather than wind causing frequent changes in ocean surface temperature.

Question 184: Determine whether the sentence in the open and close parenthesis is correct or whether it needs to be revised. (In many cultures they consider fish eggs a delicacy.)

• In many cultures they consider fish eggs a delicacy.
• Fish eggs, a delicacy in many cultures.
• In many cultures a delicacy is considered to be fish eggs.
• They consider fish eggs to be a delicacy in many cultures.
• In many cultures fish eggs are considered a delicacy. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: In many cultures fish eggs are considered a delicacy.

The correct answer is “In many cultures fish eggs are considered a delicacy.” (“In many cultures they consider fish eggs a delicacy.” is tempting, but the pronoun “they” is vague. “They consider fish eggs to be a delicacy in many cultures.” has the same vague pronoun problem. “In many cultures a delicacy is considered to be fish eggs.” is just weird all over. “Fish eggs, a delicacy in many cultures.” is a fragment.)

Question 185: Which subatomic particle has a negative electric charge?

• Proton
• Nucleus
• Electron (Correct answer)
• Neutron

Correct answer: Electron

Electrons carry a negative charge and orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Question 186: The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 roughly doubled the size of the United States by acquiring land from which country?

• Great Britain
• Mexico
• Spain
• France (Correct answer)

Correct answer: France

The U.S. bought the Louisiana Territory from France under Napoleon.

Question 187: Which element describes the time and place of a story?

• Plot
• Setting (Correct answer)
• Theme
• Conflict

Correct answer: Setting

Setting refers to the time and place in which a story occurs.

Question 188: Read the following passage and answer the question: The following passage is from a discussion of various ways that living creatures have been classified over the years. The world can be classified in different ways, depending on one's interests and principles of clas- sification. The classifications (also known as Line taxonomies) in turn determine which comparisons 5 seem natural or unnatural, which literal or analog- ical. For example, it has been common to classify living creatures into three distinct groups—plants, animals, and humans. According to this classifica- tion, human beings are not a special kind of 10 animal, nor animals a special kind of plant. Thus any comparisons between the three groups are strictly analogical. Reasoning from inheritance in garden peas to inheritance in fruit flies, and from these two species to inheritance in human beings, 15 is sheer poetic metaphor. Another mode of classifying living creatures is commonly attributed to Aristotle. Instead of treat- ing plants, animals, and humans as distinct groups, they are nested. All living creatures 20 possess a vegetative soul that enables them to grow and metabolize. Of these, some also have a sensory soul that enables them to sense their envi- ronments and move. One species also has a rational soul that is capable of true understanding. 25 Thus, human beings are a special sort of animal, and animals are a special sort of plant. Given this classification, reasoning from human beings to all other species with respect to the attributes of the vegetative soul is legitimate, reasoning from 30 human beings to other animals with respect to the attributes of the sensory soul is also legitimate, but reasoning from the rational characteristics of the human species to any other species is merely analogical. According to both classifications, the 35 human species is unique. In the first, it has a king- dom all to itself; in the second, it stands at the pinnacle of the taxonomic hierarchy. Homo sapiens is unique. All species are. But this sort of uniqueness is not enough for many 40 (probably most) people, philosophers included. For some reason, it is very important that the species to which we belong be uniquely unique. It is of utmost importance that the human species be insulated from all other species with respect to 45 how we explain certain qualities. Human beings clearly are capable of developing and learning languages. For some reason, it is very important that the waggle dance performed by bees * not count as a genuine language. I have never been 50 able to understand why. I happen to think that the waggle dance differs from human languages to such a degree that little is gained by terming them both "languages," but even if "language" is so defined that the waggle dance slips in, bees still 55 remain bees. It is equally important to some that no other species use tools. No matter how inge- nious other species get in the manipulation of objects in their environment, it is absolutely essential that nothing they do count as "tool use." 60 I, however, fail to see what difference it makes whether any of these devices such as probes and anvils, etc. are really tools. All the species involved remain distinct biological species no matter what decisions are made. Similar observa- 65 tions hold for rationality and anything a computer might do. In line 44, "insulated from" means

• segregated from (Correct answer)
• warmed by
• barred from
• covered with
• protected from

Correct answer: segregated from

In this context, "insulated from" refers to the idea of keeping human qualities separate and distinct from those of other species. The author is describing a human tendency to prevent comparisons or shared definitions of traits like language or tool use with animals. "Segregated from" accurately captures this meaning of being set apart or separated in classification and explanation.

Question 189: Which body system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body?

• Digestive system
• Circulatory system (Correct answer)
• Skeletal system
• Nervous system

Correct answer: Circulatory system

The circulatory system uses blood vessels and the heart to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

Question 190: What are the three branches of the United States government?

• Executive, Legislative, Judicial (Correct answer)
• Senate, House, Court
• Federal, State, Local
• Democratic, Republican, Independent

Correct answer: Executive, Legislative, Judicial

The U.S. Constitution establishes three branches: Executive (President), Legislative (Congress), and Judicial (Supreme Court and federal courts), each with checks and balances.

Question 191: In context, which definition best fits 'elaborate' in: 'Please elaborate on your answer'?

• to correct a mistake
• to explain in more detail (Correct answer)
• to shorten your response
• to repeat what was said

Correct answer: to explain in more detail

When asked to 'elaborate,' you are being asked to provide more details or expand your explanation.

Question 192: Read the passage and answer question <3> : J.K. Rowling [1] While many people may get frustrated with train delays, Joanne Rowling turned her experience into a life-changing story. She began writing about a young wizard while delayed at a Manchester station stop, and brought Harry Potter to life <1>over the next five years. The Philosopher’s Stone was the first of seven children’s books published under her pen name J. K. The Harry Potter series has sold over 447 million copies worldwide and been translated into seventy-three languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek.<2> [2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> [3] Today, Rowling spends much <7>of her time working with her foundation, Lumos, which is named after a spell in the Potter series that brought light into darkness. <8>She founded <9>the nonprofit organization after seeing a photograph of a child in a caged bed who appeared to be screaming through its chain links. Rowling was overcome by the image that she <10>vowed to use her money and popularity to raise awareness of the 8 million children who live in such institutions globally. According to research, over 80% of orphaned children have living relatives which <11>cannot care for them because of poverty or disability. The staff at Lumos equip families with necessary resources to provide for their children rather than leaving them institutionalized. Lumos’ long-term goal is the closure of every orphanage around the world, by returning all children to live with its <12>families, either biological or adoptive. [4] Rowling once said, “Happiness can be found in the darkest places if one only remembers to turn on the light”. <13>J. K. Rowling has created happiness for millions of children through make- believe stories of triumph and real-life stories of hope.<15>

• was publishing
• had been publishing
• no change (Correct answer)
• had published

Correct answer: no change

[2] When the Philosopher’s Stone was published <3>in 1997, the book industry had given up on young readers. It’s <4>first edition was a mere 500 books, and most copies were sent to public libraries across England. By the time Rowling’s seventh Harry Potter novel was published in 2007, Rowling had already become the woman who put a new face on children’s literacy. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows, the final installation, has <5>a word count of nearly 1.1 million words, and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release.<6> “NO CHANGE “ is the correct answer because of verb tense. A demonstrates simple past tense, which is completed action in the past. “had published “ is incorrect because the answer is past perfect. “was publishing “ is incorrect because the answer is past progressive. “had been publishing” is incorrect because the answer is past perfect progressive.

Question 193: Determine whether the sentence in the open and close parenthesis is correct or whether it needs to be revised. : During the (summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.)

• Summer many students go away to camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.
• summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.
• summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and maintaining integrity.
• Summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.

Only choice “summer many students go away to camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” corrects the redundancy error in this sentence of writing “...summer camps...” after already stating that this event occurs “During the summer...” Choice “summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.”, “Summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” and “summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and maintaining integrity.” suffer such redundancy. Choice “summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and maintaining integrity.” also breaks the list’s parallelism (values such as camaraderie and perseverance that should be followed simply by “integrity”). Choice “summer many students go away to camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” and “Summer many students go away to camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” remain, but choice “Summer many students go away to camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” makes the same mistake of choice “Summer many students go away to summer camps that teach them skills about camaraderie, perseverance and integrity.” by capitalizing a season. Although it may look better, seasons are NOT supposed to be capitalized unless they appear in a title or a proper noun.

Question 194: Which branch of the U.S. government interprets laws and the Constitution?

• Legislative
• Judicial (Correct answer)
• Bureaucratic
• Executive

Correct answer: Judicial

The judicial branch, led by the Supreme Court, interprets laws.

Question 195: Which sentence uses the correct verb tense consistently?

• She walked in and saw him. (Correct answer)
• She walked in and sees him.
• She walk in and seen him.
• She walks in and saw him.

Correct answer: She walked in and saw him.

Both verbs stay in the past tense for consistency.

Question 196: Read the following passage and answer the question: But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink. The phrase 'Go to the brink' in the passage means

• Commit suicide.
• Negotiate for peace.
• Retreating from extreme danger.
• Declare war on each other.
• Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it.

The phrase "go to the brink" is immediately followed by "but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink." This contrast indicates that they approach the very edge of conflict or war, but stop short of actually initiating it. Therefore, it means advancing to the precipice of war without fully engaging.

Question 197: What is the best way to support a claim in an essay?

• Provide relevant evidence (Correct answer)
• Add unrelated facts
• Use more adjectives
• Repeat the claim

Correct answer: Provide relevant evidence

Strong claims are backed by relevant evidence and examples.

Question 198: Read the passage and answer question <4>: The Spine [1] Good spine health is important for every person. The human spine support the weight of the head, protects the body’s organs, and receives <1>the gravitational pull that helps with posture. Comprised of 33 bones, each called vertebra, the spine is divided into five regions: cervical, <2>thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Vertebra are named according to the region where they are located along the spine and in numerical order. Discs serve as cushions between each vertebra. Nerves run along the spine, carrying signals between the spine and the rest of the body. [2] There are many reasons why people experience problems with their spine. Some people like us are born <3>with defects such as spina bifida, which stunts infant <4>brain and spine development. Trauma to the spine can also create problems, in addition <5>when the damage is irreversible. Paralysis happened <6>when the spine is injured beyond repair, and may result in loss of function in the arms or legs. Another reason for damage is the body’s natural deterioration. As a person ages, the spine wears out. The discs that separate each vertebra lose moisture, and nerves that run alongside the spine can become more narrow, which <7>decreases the spines <8>ability to absorb pressure, especially when walking, jogging, or jumping. [3] Prevention is the best way to maintain a healthy back. There are varieties of ways that people keep themselves pain free and functioning at optimum levels. Sleeping on your back with a pillow under the knees supports its <9>natural curve during the night. When sitting at a desk, keeping ears, shoulders, and hips in line while resting the back firmly against the chair helps with posture. Standing straight with relaxed shoulders, hips, and knees will eliminate undue pressure on the spine. Walking with your head held high, chin tucked, and toes pointed forward will prevent slouching. Plus, you will look fantastically confident. <10> [4] Diet and sunshine are also important for back health, well-balanced <11>foods build lean muscles that support the spine. Lean proteins, fresh fruits and vegetables, and plenty <12>of water to keep the body hydrated are best choices for a daily regimen. While Vitamin D is found in many foods such as salmon and green leaf lettuce. The <13>sunshine is a body’s best source. At least ten minutes of day <14>sunlight will strengthen bones and provide energy to the body’s systems, encouraging the body to stand straighter. <15>

• infantile
• NO CHANGE
• an infants’
• infants’ (Correct answer)

Correct answer: infants’

The phrase 'infant brain and spine development' implies that the development belongs to or is characteristic of infants. To correctly show possession or association for a plural noun, the apostrophe should be placed after the 's'. Therefore, 'infants'' (plural possessive) is the correct form, indicating the development *of* infants' brains and spines.

Question 199: What does the word 'persuade' mean?

• to confuse someone intentionally
• to force someone to act against their will
• to reward someone for good behavior
• to cause someone to believe or do something through reasoning (Correct answer)

Correct answer: to cause someone to believe or do something through reasoning

'Persuade' means to convince someone through argument or evidence, not through force.

Question 200: If f(x) = 2x + 3, what is f(4)?

• 8
• 11 (Correct answer)
• 7
• 14

Correct answer: 11

Substitute x = 4: f(4) = 2(4) + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11.