STEP English Proficiency VIP Practice Exam

Read the following passage carefully, then answer this question and the four questions that follow it. --- Smart cities are transforming the way people live and work in the 21st century. By integrating digital technology into urban infrastructure, city planners can improve the efficiency of transportation, reduce energy consumption, and enhance the quality of life for residents. Singapore, for instance, has implemented an extensive sensor network that monitors traffic flow, air quality, and energy usage in real time. This data is then analyzed to make immediate adjustments, such as altering traffic light timing to reduce congestion or identifying buildings that are consuming excessive amounts of electricity. Critics of the smart city concept, however, argue that the widespread collection of data raises serious privacy concerns. They point out that governments and corporations could potentially use this information to monitor the movements and behaviors of ordinary citizens without their knowledge or consent. Proponents counter that the benefits of smart cities — including reduced pollution, lower crime rates, and more efficient public services — far outweigh these risks, provided that strong legal frameworks are put in place to protect personal data. The debate continues as more and more cities worldwide invest billions of dollars in smart technology infrastructure. --- According to the passage, what is the primary purpose of integrating digital technology into urban infrastructure?

Questions 2–45 and full explanations are VIP-exclusive.