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Pediatrics Flashcards

7 cards from real SPEX practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. A 2-year-old presents with bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and pallor. Labs show microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated creatinine. Which organism most commonly causes this condition?

    Answer: Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC O157:H7)

    Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is most commonly caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, especially O157:H7, often acquired from undercooked beef.

  2. Which of the following is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children aged 1–8 years?

    Answer: Minimal change disease

    Minimal change disease is responsible for approximately 80% of nephrotic syndrome cases in children and typically responds well to steroids.

  3. A newborn has failure to pass meconium within 48 hours of birth. Rectal exam produces explosive passage of stool and gas. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    Answer: Hirschsprung disease

    Hirschsprung disease is caused by absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon; rectal decompression produces explosive stool release due to proximal distention.

  4. A 4-year-old presents with periorbital edema worse in the morning, frothy urine, and no hematuria. Urinalysis shows 4+ protein. What is the best initial treatment?

    Answer: Oral prednisone

    First-line treatment for childhood nephrotic syndrome (minimal change disease) is oral corticosteroids, typically prednisone.

  5. Which developmental screening tool is recommended by the AAP for all children at 18 and 24 months specifically to screen for autism spectrum disorder?

    Answer: Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)

    The M-CHAT is the AAP-recommended autism-specific screening tool used at 18 and 24-month well-child visits.

  6. A 10-year-old is brought in for school difficulty and is found to have a blood lead level of 25 µg/dL. What is the appropriate next step?

    Answer: Environmental investigation and lead source removal

    At blood lead levels of 5–44 µg/dL, the priority is identifying and eliminating the lead source through environmental investigation.

  7. A 7-year-old is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to AAP guidelines, what is the first-line treatment for school-age children?

    Answer: FDA-approved stimulant medication plus behavioral therapy

    AAP guidelines recommend stimulant medication (methylphenidate or amphetamine) combined with behavioral therapy as first-line treatment for school-age children with ADHD.