Pediatrics Flashcards

A 6-week-old presents with projectile vomiting after every feeding. The vomitus is non-bilious and the infant appears hungry after vomiting. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Pyloric stenosis

Pyloric stenosis classically presents at 3–6 weeks with non-bilious projectile vomiting and a palpable 'olive' mass in the right upper quadrant.

Which vaccine is recommended at birth for all newborns in the US?

Answer: Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth as the first dose to prevent perinatal transmission.

A 2-year-old presents with a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and low-grade fever. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)

Croup is caused by parainfluenza virus and produces the characteristic 'barking' cough and inspiratory stridor in children 6 months to 3 years.

At what age should a healthy infant be able to sit without support?

Answer: 6 months

Most infants achieve sitting without support by 6 months of age as a gross motor milestone.

A child presents with a pruritic, honey-crusted lesion around the mouth. What is the first-line treatment?

Answer: Topical mupirocin

Localized impetigo is best treated with topical mupirocin, which targets S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with pyloric stenosis?

Answer: Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Repeated vomiting of gastric contents causes loss of HCl and K+, leading to hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.

A 4-year-old has a fever of 39°C, sore throat, and tonsillar exudates with tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. A rapid strep test is positive. What is the appropriate treatment?

Answer: Amoxicillin for 10 days

Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is treated with amoxicillin for 10 days to eradicate infection and prevent rheumatic fever.