SLP Study Guide 2026

Explanation: Deaf and hard-of-hearing (HOH) individuals can learn to produce vocalized (voiced) speech sounds more easily because even the deaf can feel the vibrations, and the hard-of-hearing can hear some of the sounds. Hence, they rely not only on visual information (A) but also on vibrations and residual hearing in those who have it. Devocalized (unvoiced) sounds are harder, not easier, to learn (C) for those with hearing loss because the HOH have less information without sound and the deaf have less information without vocal vibration.

Inference failure in right hemisphere damage refers to difficulty drawing conclusions beyond the literal meaning of language, including understanding idioms, implied requests, and indirect speech acts.

Explanation: Positive behavioral support programs emphasize prevention by giving all students positive reinforcement and other supports for desired behaviors. These are found to avert many behavior problems at the lower tiers, thus (A) is incorrect. Educators introduce intervention as needed in the middle tiers) and provide progressively more intensive intervention to the highest tier, thus (B) is incorrect. It is not true that such programs eschew punishment (D): This and other aversive consequences for undesirable behaviors may be introduced as well as using positive reinforcement for desirable behaviors.

Explanation: A question must be generated to know what evidence to look for and what information to assess within the evidence. After evaluation of the evidence, a clinical decision can be made.

Secondary behaviors are learned reactions to the core behaviors of stuttering (repetitions, prolongations, blocks). They are adopted, often unconsciously at first, as an attempt to avoid, escape, or push through a moment of stuttering. Core behaviors are the actual speech disfluencies themselves.

Explanation: An equipment check is crucial to having an effective session. The clinician might think the patient is not attending to sound when in reality, the patient’s hearing aids might have an old battery.