Slideshow Videos Research & Evidence-Based Practice 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: In PICO framework, what does the 'C' stand for?
- Cohort
- Comparison (Correct answer)
- Control group
- Confidence
Correct answer: Comparison
In the PICO framework, C stands for Comparison, referring to the alternative intervention or control being compared to the main intervention.
Question 2: A study reports a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of 8. What does this mean?
- 8% of patients will benefit from treatment
- 8 patients must be treated for one to experience benefit (Correct answer)
- The treatment is 8 times more effective than placebo
- 8 studies confirmed the treatment's effectiveness
Correct answer: 8 patients must be treated for one to experience benefit
An NNT of 8 means 8 patients need to receive the treatment for one additional patient to benefit compared to the control.
Question 3: Which type of validity refers to whether a study's findings can be applied to the general population?
- Internal validity
- External validity (Correct answer)
- Construct validity
- Content validity
Correct answer: External validity
External validity (generalizability) indicates whether results from a study sample can be applied to the broader target population.
Question 4: What is publication bias in the context of systematic reviews?
- Researchers favoring studies from prestigious journals
- The tendency for positive results to be published more than negative ones (Correct answer)
- Bias introduced by the review authors' opinions
- Selecting studies based on geographic location
Correct answer: The tendency for positive results to be published more than negative ones
Publication bias occurs when studies with statistically significant or positive findings are more likely to be published, skewing the overall evidence base.
Question 5: A cohort study follows participants over time to measure incidence. What is the primary measure of association used?
- Odds ratio
- Relative risk (risk ratio) (Correct answer)
- Prevalence ratio
- Hazard ratio only
Correct answer: Relative risk (risk ratio)
Cohort studies calculate relative risk (risk ratio) by comparing incidence rates in exposed versus unexposed groups over time.
Question 6: Which research approach is best suited when little is known about a phenomenon and the goal is to develop theory?
- Randomized controlled trial
- Meta-analysis
- Grounded theory qualitative research (Correct answer)
- Cross-sectional survey
Correct answer: Grounded theory qualitative research
Grounded theory is a qualitative method used to inductively generate theory from data when little existing knowledge exists.
Question 7: What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
- To fund research projects
- To protect human research participants from harm (Correct answer)
- To peer-review manuscripts before publication
- To analyze statistical data for researchers
Correct answer: To protect human research participants from harm
The IRB reviews research protocols to ensure the rights, safety, and welfare of human participants are protected.
Slideshow Videos Research & Evidence-Based Practice 3
In PICO framework, what does the 'C' stand for?