PGI Cheat Sheet 2026

The 14 highest-yield PGI facts, distilled from real exam questions. Print it, save it as a PDF, or study it here — free, no sign-up.

1. What are the three types of motor insurance coverage available in Singapore? → Third-Party Only, Third-Party Fire and Theft, and Comprehensive
2. In commercial property underwriting, what is 'maximum probable loss' (MPL)? → The estimated maximum loss likely to occur assuming partial failure of protective systems
3. What is 'average' in the context of marine insurance (as distinct from general average)? → A partial loss of the subject matter insured
4. When a marine cargo insurer pays a claim and wishes to recover the loss from a negligent carrier, which legal principle allows it to do so? → Subrogation
5. Under the Institute Hull Clauses, what is the meaning of 'Total Loss Only' (TLO) cover? → The policy pays only in the event of actual or constructive total loss of the vessel
6. What regulatory action can MAS take against an insurer that repeatedly violates regulations? → Impose financial penalties, restrict business activities, or revoke the insurer's licence
7. What does 'constructive total loss' (CTL) mean in marine hull insurance? → The cost of recovering or repairing the vessel would exceed its insured value
8. Under the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), what must Singapore insurers do with customer personal data? → Collect, use, and disclose data only with customer consent and for notified purposes
9. Under the Institute Cargo Clauses (A), which of the following risks is EXCLUDED? → Loss due to inherent vice of the cargo
10. Under MAS corporate governance guidelines for insurers, what is the required minimum proportion of independent directors? → At least one-third of the board must be independent directors
11. Which legislation governs marine insurance contracts in Singapore? → Marine Insurance Act (Cap. 387)
12. Which of the following is a key document typically required when making a marine cargo claim in Singapore? → The original Bill of Lading, commercial invoice, packing list, and survey report
13. Institute Cargo Clauses (C) provides the NARROWEST cargo cover. Which of the following perils is covered under Clauses (C)? → Loss due to washing overboard
14. In Singapore, the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) primarily regulates which aspect relevant to marine insurance? → The registration, safety, and seaworthiness standards of vessels