Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards
7 cards from real SHS practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals flashcards as text
Which neurotransmitter is inhibited by organophosphate pesticides, leading to accumulation at nerve-muscle junctions?
Answer: Acetylcholine
Organophosphates irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, preventing acetylcholine breakdown and causing continuous nerve stimulation, resulting in the SLUDGE toxidrome.
A safety specialist reviewing a spirometry report sees a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. This finding is most consistent with:
Answer: Obstructive lung disease such as occupational asthma
A reduced FEV1/FVC ratio indicates obstruction to airflow, as seen in occupational asthma, COPD, and byssinosis, where narrowed airways limit forced expiratory flow.
Which anatomical pathway does an inhaled particle follow before reaching the alveoli?
Answer: Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
Inhaled air travels through the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx) into the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange.
Heavy metal exposure, such as lead, most commonly damages which part of the nephron?
Answer: Proximal tubule
The proximal tubule is the primary site of lead-induced nephrotoxicity because it actively reabsorbs heavy metals via high-affinity transport proteins, concentrating their toxic effects.
When assessing a worker for cumulative trauma disorder, damage to the synovial membrane of a joint would most directly result in:
Answer: Decreased joint lubrication and increased friction
The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes joint cartilage; its inflammation or damage leads to reduced lubrication and joint pain.
In the context of noise-induced hearing loss, which part of the inner ear is most commonly damaged by prolonged occupational noise exposure?
Answer: Hair cells in the organ of Corti
Excessive noise destroys the sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti within the cochlea, causing permanent sensorineural hearing loss because these cells do not regenerate.
Which physiological response is the body's first line of defense when core temperature begins to rise above normal during heat stress?
Answer: Cutaneous vasodilation and sweating
The hypothalamus triggers cutaneous vasodilation to bring warm blood to the skin surface and activates sweat glands to dissipate heat through evaporative cooling.