Analyzing Argument Structure Flashcards

An argument contains the following structure: Premise 1: All mammals are warm-blooded. Premise 2: Whales are mammals. Conclusion: Whales are warm-blooded. This is an example of:

Answer: Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a specific conclusion; if the premises are true, the conclusion must logically follow.

A researcher observes that cities with more coffee shops also have higher rates of college enrollment and concludes that coffee shops cause people to pursue education. What error in reasoning is this?

Answer: Confusing correlation with causation

Just because two variables occur together does not mean one causes the other; both might be caused by a third factor, such as urbanization or higher income levels.

Which of the following sentences uses hedging language that appropriately qualifies a claim?

Answer: 'Research suggests this approach may improve outcomes for most patients.'

Hedging words like 'suggests,' 'may,' and 'most' accurately reflect the limits of the evidence without overstating certainty, making the claim more defensible.

When a writer uses the phrase 'it stands to reason' before making a claim, this signal phrase:

Answer: Implies a logical connection but does not substitute for actual evidence

'It stands to reason' is an empty rhetorical phrase that asserts logical connection without actually providing evidence or demonstrating the reasoning.

A debate coach tells students: 'Address the strongest version of your opponent's argument, not the weakest.' This advice is meant to help students avoid which fallacy?

Answer: Straw man fallacy

The straw man fallacy involves misrepresenting or oversimplifying an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack; addressing the strongest version prevents this.

In analyzing an argument, the term 'scope' refers to:

Answer: The range or extent of the claim — how broadly or narrowly it applies

Scope describes the breadth of an argument's claim — whether it applies universally, to most cases, to a specific group, or only under certain conditions.

Which revision makes this weak argument stronger? Original: 'We should ban junk food in schools because kids need to be healthy.'

Answer: 'Studies show students who eat nutritious school meals score higher on standardized tests and show improved concentration, supporting policies that remove junk food from school cafeterias.'

The revision strengthens the argument by providing specific, evidence-based support (test scores, concentration) that connects the policy to measurable educational benefits.