RH Anatomy, Physiology & Pathophysiology 3 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating balance and fine motor movements?
- Cerebellum (Correct answer)
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Limbic system
Correct answer: Cerebellum
The cerebellum integrates sensory input to fine-tune motor commands and maintain postural balance.
Question 2: An herbal client has chronic low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria). Which physiological consequence is most likely?
- Increased protein digestion efficiency
- Impaired absorption of iron and B12 (Correct answer)
- Accelerated gastric emptying
- Elevated serum calcium
Correct answer: Impaired absorption of iron and B12
Adequate gastric acid is required to convert ferric iron to ferrous iron and to release B12 from food proteins for absorption.
Question 3: The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to which organ?
- Kidneys
- Spleen
- Liver (Correct answer)
- Lungs
Correct answer: Liver
The portal vein carries absorbed nutrients directly to the liver for processing, detoxification, and storage.
Question 4: In osteoporosis, the ratio of osteoclast to osteoblast activity is:
- Equal, causing no net change
- Shifted toward osteoclast dominance, causing net bone loss (Correct answer)
- Shifted toward osteoblast dominance, causing net bone gain
- Unrelated to bone mineral density
Correct answer: Shifted toward osteoclast dominance, causing net bone loss
Osteoporosis results from osteoclasts resorbing bone faster than osteoblasts can rebuild it, leading to decreased bone density.
Question 5: Which part of the nephron is the primary site of sodium and water reabsorption?
- Collecting duct
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Proximal convoluted tubule (Correct answer)
- Loop of Henle descending limb
Correct answer: Proximal convoluted tubule
Approximately 65–70% of filtered sodium and water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Question 6: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is classified as which type of disease?
- Infectious disease
- Autoimmune disease (Correct answer)
- Nutritional deficiency disease
- Neoplastic disease
Correct answer: Autoimmune disease
Hashimoto's thyroiditis involves immune-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue by autoreactive T cells and anti-thyroid antibodies.
Question 7: Which neurotransmitter is deficient in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease?
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine (Correct answer)
- GABA
Correct answer: Dopamine
Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, impairing smooth motor control.
RH Anatomy, Physiology & Pathophysiology 3
Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating balance and fine motor movements?