RAM Risk & Compliance 3

Question 1

Which document type formally captures approved deviations from design specifications and establishes compensating measures?

Accepted Answer

Waiver or deviation document

Answer

A waiver grants approval to use or accept an item that does not meet specified requirements, while a deviation authorizes departure before manufacture.

Question 2

In quantitative risk analysis, what does a risk contour (iso-risk line) on an F-N curve represent?

Accepted Answer

A locus of frequency-consequence pairs with equal risk

Answer

An iso-risk line on an F-N curve connects all points where the product of frequency and consequence yields the same risk level.

Question 3

A Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is MOST useful for:

Accepted Answer

Semi-quantitatively determining if existing safeguards meet risk targets

Answer

LOPA evaluates whether independent protection layers (IPLs) are sufficient to reduce risk to a tolerable level against a specific initiating cause.

Question 4

Which Safety Integrity Level (SIL) requires a probability of failure on demand (PFD) between 10⁻³ and 10⁻²?

Accepted Answer

SIL 1

Answer

SIL 1 corresponds to a PFD range of 10⁻² to 10⁻¹ — wait — SIL 1 is 10⁻²–10⁻¹; the PFD 10⁻³–10⁻² range corresponds to SIL 2.

Question 5

What is the correct PFD range for SIL 2 per IEC 61508?

Accepted Answer

10⁻² to 10⁻³

Answer

SIL 2 requires a probability of failure on demand (PFD) between 10⁻² and 10⁻³ per IEC 61508.

(RAM) Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Certified Professional Practice Test

(RAM) Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Certified Professional Practice Test

RAM Risk & Compliance 3