Pharmacology Therapeutic Applications and Clinical Use 2

Question 1

A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed digoxin. Which serum electrolyte must be closely monitored to prevent digoxin toxicity?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Calcium

Answer

Phosphorus

Question 2

Metformin is contraindicated in a patient with an eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73m² primarily because of the risk of:

Accepted Answer

Lactic acidosis

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Pancreatitis

Answer

Agranulocytosis

Question 3

Which of the following is the first-line pharmacological treatment for uncomplicated hypertension in a Black, non-diabetic patient according to JNC guidelines?

Accepted Answer

Thiazide diuretic or calcium channel blocker

Answer

ACE inhibitor

Answer

Beta-blocker

Answer

ARB

Question 4

A patient taking warfarin starts a course of fluconazole. What clinical adjustment is most likely needed?

Accepted Answer

Decrease warfarin dose

Answer

Increase warfarin dose

Answer

Discontinue warfarin

Answer

No adjustment needed

Question 5

Sublingual nitroglycerin is used in acute angina attacks primarily because this route:

Accepted Answer

Avoids first-pass metabolism

Answer

Increases bioavailability via enterohepatic circulation

Answer

Slows absorption for sustained effect

Answer

Reduces GI side effects

Question 6

Which drug class is used as first-line therapy for acute gout flares due to its anti-inflammatory mechanism targeting neutrophil function?

Accepted Answer

Colchicine

Answer

Allopurinol

Answer

Probenecid

Answer

Febuxostat

Question 7

A patient with GERD unresponsive to antacids is started on omeprazole. Its mechanism involves irreversible inhibition of:

Accepted Answer

H+/K+-ATPase proton pump

Answer

Histamine H2 receptors

Answer

Gastrin receptors

Answer

Muscarinic M1 receptors